Term
| what is the source of carbon? |
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Definition
CO2- autrotroph
Chemicals- hetrotroph
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Term
| what is the source of energy? |
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Definition
sunlight- phototrophs
chemicals- chemotrophs |
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Term
| what is cellular respiration? |
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Definition
| the process but which energy is harvested |
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Term
| fats, carbs, and proteins can make what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is dehydrogenations? |
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Definition
| chemical reaction involving the loss if a hydrogen atom |
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Term
| What co-factor helps carry out redox reactions? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
| how does cellular respiration make atp? |
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Definition
| through oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
| when the final electron acceptor is oxygen what is the process called? |
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Definition
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Term
| when the final electron acceptor is inorganic the process is called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is a NAD+ composed of? |
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Definition
| two nucleotides, AMP and NMP |
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Term
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Definition
| when NAD+ acquires two electrons and a proton from the active site of an enzyme |
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Term
| Where is the electron transport chain located? |
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Definition
| the mitochondrial inner membrane |
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Term
| What is the electron transport chain? |
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Definition
| the passage of energetic electrons through a series of membrane associated electron-carrier molecyles to proton pumps |
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Term
| How is ATP formed in substrate-level phosphorylation? |
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Definition
| ATP is formed by transferring a phosphate group directly to ADP from a phosphate-bearing intermediate or substrate |
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Term
| How is ATP formed using oxidative phosphorylation? |
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Definition
| ATP is synthesized by the enzyme ATP synthase, which uses energy from a proton gradient |
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Term
| In simplest terms describe the glycolysis pathway. |
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Definition
| In the first five reactions a molecule of gluclose is converted into two molecules of G3P. In the second five reactions G3P is converted into pyruvate. |
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Term
| where does glycosis occur and what type of reaction is it? |
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Definition
| in the cytoplasm, anaerobic |
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Term
| What happens in step A of glycosis? |
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Definition
| two phosphates from two ATP molecules are added to the 6 carbon molecule gluclose, producing a 6 carbon molecule with two phosphates |
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Term
| What happens in Step B of glycosis? |
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Definition
| the 6 carbon molecule with the two phosphates is split forming two 3-carbon sugar phosphates |
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Term
| What happens in Step C of glycosis? |
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Definition
| OXIDATION, two electrons are transferred from G3P to NAD+ forming NADH. A molecule of Pi is added to G3P to produce biphosphoglycerate. |
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Term
| What happens in Step D of glycosis? |
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Definition
| four reactions covert the BPG into pyruvate. This process generates 2 ATP molecules per G3P. |
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Term
| what are the three reactions that take place in glycosis? |
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Definition
1. gluclose is converted into 2 molecules of pyruvate
2. two molecules of ADP are converted into ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation
3. two molecules of NAD+ are reduced to NADH |
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Term
| How does the cell harvest pyruvate's energy? |
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Definition
| by oxidizing to produce a 2 carbon compound and CO2, the 2- carbon compound is oxidized to the CO2 by the reactions of the Kreb Cycle |
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Term
| What kind of reaction does pyruvate undergo? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the two carbon compound attached to conenzyme A |
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Term
| what is a two carbon compound called? |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens in decarboxylation? |
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Definition
| one of the three carbon's is cleaved off, leaving a 2 carbon compound |
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Term
| What is one of the largests enzymes known and a complex of enzymes that removes CO2 called? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is the krebs cycle started? |
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Definition
| the acetyl group from the pyruvates is oxidized in a series of nine reactions |
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Term
| Describe Reaction 1 of the Krebs Cycle. |
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Definition
| condensation, citrate is formed from acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate |
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Term
| describe reaction 2 and 3 of the krebs cycle |
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Definition
| isomerization, h and oh group change positions leaving isocitrate |
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Term
| describe reaction 4 of the krebs cycle |
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Definition
| isocitrate undergoes a decarboxylation reaction, the central carboxyl group splits off to form CO2 , making a 5 carbon molecule called a-ketoglutarate |
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Term
| describe reaction 5 of the kreb cycle |
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Definition
| second oxidation, a-ketoglutarate is decarboxylated by a multienzyme complex, leaving succinyl-CoA. |
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Term
| describe reaction 6 of the krebs cycle. |
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Definition
| substrate level phosphorylation, the succinyl-CoA group is cleaved, making GDP which makes gtp making adp into atp, succinate remains |
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Term
| describe reaction 7 of the krebs cycle. |
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Definition
| succinate is oxidized to fumarate from succinate dehydrogenase |
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Term
| describe reaction 8 and 9 of the krebs cycle. |
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Definition
| regeration oxaloacetate, water molecule is added to fumarate forming malate, malate is then oxidized forming oxaloactate. |
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Term
| name the list of 8 intermediates in the kreb cycle. |
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Definition
| citrate, isocitrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, succinyl-coa, succinate, fumarate, malate, oxaloacetate |
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Term
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Definition
| the extraction of energy from an inorganic molecule with the absence of oxygen |
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Term
| what is the total theoretical yield of atp? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the total theroetical yield of atp in eukaroytes? |
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Definition
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Term
| how much atp is formed from gluclose? |
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Definition
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Term
| how much atp and nadh is formed in glycloysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| how much atp and nadh is formed in pyruvate? |
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Definition
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Term
| how much nadh comes from the kreb cycle and how much atp does this produce? |
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Definition
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Term
| how much fadh2 is formed from the kreb cyle and how much atp is formed from that? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 atp is formed in what stage of the kreb cycle? |
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Definition
| from succinyl-coa and succinate |
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Term
| the electron transport chain produces what? |
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Definition
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Term
| describe the flow of the etc? |
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Definition
| nadh dehydronase, electrons move through the ubiquinone and the bci complex to the cytochrome complex, forming h20 resulting in 3 protons being pumped into the intermembrane space |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of an amino group |
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