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The manipulation of mental representation of information.
What we are thinking can constantly change.
- EX. we think of thoughts, images and sounds etc. at any time.
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Mental images consist of visual representation and also hearing
- EX. A visual image comes to mind when you think of your friend.
- EX. Hearing a tune that you like
- EX. They can also improve the way you perform.
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Categories of objects, events or people that share common property.
EX. If someone asks you what's in the cabinet,and you see that there is a jar of peanut butter, 3 boxes of spaghetti, six dinner plates etc. It is more likely that you would respond by naming some broader category, such as "food" and "dishes" |
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Typical, highly representative examples of a concept.
EX. Robins and Ostriches are a type of bird. But people who grew up around robins will think of robins before ostriches. |
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A rule that, if applied appropriatly, gurantees a solution to a problem.
EX. you may not be good at math, but finding the third side of a right triangle by using the formula a2 + b2 = c2 will guarantee you the right answer if used correctly. |
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A cognitive shortcut that may lead to a solution.
EX. You have a test tomorrow. If you dont want to study from the book, but study the lechure notes, you have a chance of doing better or not doing better.
( It may or may not pay off.) |
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The ability to generate original ideas or solve problems in novel ways.
( think outside of the box)
EX. a newspaper. Could be made into many different things. write on it, lay on it, paint on it etc etc |
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| Tendency to search for information that supports what we already think, and to ignore or distort information that contradicts our beliefs. |
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Tendency to approach problems from only one way.
( esp. i worked in past.)
O.T.T.F.F next letter is F
( one two three four five)
But..failure to see from new perspective can slow problem solving down |
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Judging how likely how likely something is by how well it represents (matches) prototype
(can help or hurt)
(can lead us to ignore other relevant info, like base rates) |
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The easier it is to think of an ex. the more likely we are to think it will happen.
yet ease may be due to vividness or personal experience, not reality |
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We are often more confident than we are correct!
We overestimate accuracy of our beliefs / judgments.
Ex. You stay up all night, because you didnt think your paper would take that long. |
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The Belief Perseverance Phenomenon |
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| Thendency to cling to initial conceptions even after basis they were formed on has been discredited. |
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The tendency to think of an object only in terms of its typical use.
Ex. People will generally think that a book is something to read instead of a door stop or as kindling for a fire. |
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| The branch of study that focuses on the study oh higher mental processes, including thinking, language, memory, problem solving, knowing, reasoning, judging and decision making. |
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| The ability to generate unusual yet nonetheless appropriate, responses to problems or questions. |
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| The ability to produce responses that are based primarily on knowledge and logic. |
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| The communication of information through symbols arranged according to systematic rules. |
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| The system of rules that determine how our thoughts can be expressed. |
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| The study of the smallest units of speech, called phonemes. |
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| The smallest units of speech. |
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| Ways in which can be combined to form sentences. |
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| The rules governing the meaning of words and sentences. |
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| Meaningless speechlike sounds made by children from around the age of 3 months through 1 year. |
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Sentencs in which words not critical to the message are left out.
EX. Little kids would say "show book" instead of "i showed you the book." |
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The phenomenon by which children apply language rules even when the application results in an error.
He walked is the past tense of walk. But it doesnt work with ru.n Ex. "He runned" would not be right. |
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Learning- theory approach ( to language development) |
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The theory suggesting that language acquistion follows the principles of reinforcement and conditioning.
Ex. When a child says mama for the first time, a mother will praise her which will most likely make the child keep saying it. |
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| According to his nativists approach to language, all the worlds languages share a common underlying structure called universal grammar. |
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Language-acquistion device |
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| A neural system of the brain hypothesized by Noam Chomsky to permit understanding of language. |
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Interactionist approach (to language development) |
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| The view that language development is produced through a combination of generally determined predispositions and environmental circumstances that help teach language. |
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