Term
|
Definition
| The communication of information through symbols arranged according to systematic rules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The system of rules that determine how our thoughts can be expressed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of the smallest units of speech, called phonemes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The smallest units of speech. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ways in which words and phrases can be combined to form sentences. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The rules governing the meaning of words and sentences. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Meaningless speech-like sounds make by children from around the age of 3 months though 1 year. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sentences in which words not critical to the message are left out. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The phenomenon by which children apply language rules even when the application results in an error. |
|
|
Term
| Learning-theory approach (to language development) |
|
Definition
| The theory suggesting that language acquisition follows the principles of reinforcement and conditioning. |
|
|
Term
| Native approach (to language development) |
|
Definition
| The theory that a genetically determined, innate mechanism directs language development. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Noam Chomsky's theory that a genetically determined, innate mechanism directs language development. |
|
|
Term
| Language-acquisition device |
|
Definition
| A neural system if the brain hypothesized by Noam Chomsky to permit understanding of language. |
|
|
Term
| Interactionist approach (to language development) |
|
Definition
| The view that language development is produced through a combination of genetically determined predispositions and environmental circumstances that help teach language. |
|
|
Term
| Linguistic-relativity hypothesis |
|
Definition
| The notion that language shapes and may determine the way people in a specific culture perceive and understand the world. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The single, general factor for mental ability assumed to underlie intelligence in some early theories of intelligence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intelligence that reflects information-processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory. |
|
|
Term
| Crystallized intelligence |
|
Definition
| The accumulation of information, skills, ad strategies that are learned through experience and can be applied. |
|
|
Term
| Theory of multiple intelligences |
|
Definition
| Gardner's intelligence theory that proposes that there are eight distinct spheres of intelligence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| According to Sternberg, intelligence related to overall success in living. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tests devised to quantify a person's level of intelligence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The average age of individuals who achieve a particular level of performance on a test. |
|
|
Term
| Intelligence quotient (IQ) |
|
Definition
| A score that takes into account an individual's mental and chronological ages. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A test designed to determine a person's level of knowledge in a given subject area. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A test designed to predict a person's ability in a particular area or line of work. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The property by which tests measure consistently what they are trying to measure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The property by which tests actually measure what they are supposed to measure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Standards of test performance that permit the comparison of one person's score on a test with the scores of other individuals who have taken the same test. |
|
|
Term
| Mental retardation (intellectual disabilities) |
|
Definition
| A condition characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The most common cause of mental retardation in newborns, occurring when the mother uses alcohol during pregnancy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mental retardation in which no apparent biological defect exists but there is a history of retardation in the family. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The 2 to 4 percent of the population who have IQ scores greater than 130. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A test that does not discriminate against the members of any minority group. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A measure of the degree to which a characteristic is related to genetic inherited factors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The manipulation of mental representation of information. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Representations in the mind the resembles the object or event being represented. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Categorizations of objects, events, or people that share common properties. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A rule that, if applied appropriately, guarantees a solution to a problem. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cognitive shortcut that may lead to a solution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Typical, highly representative examples of concepts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Repeated testing for differences between the desired outcome and what currently exists. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A sudden awareness of the relationships among various elements that had previously appeared to be independent of one another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency to think of an object only in terms of its typical use. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency for old patterns of problem solving to persist. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency to favor information that supports one's initial hypotheses and ignore contradictory information that supports alternative hypotheses or solutions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability to generate original ideas or sole problems in novel ways. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability to generate unusual, yet nonetheless appropriate, responses to problems or questions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability to produce responses that are based primarily on knowledge and logic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability to produce responses that are based primarily on knowledge and logic. |
|
|
