Term
| What is the stimulus for smell? |
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Definition
| Molecules in the air that dissolve in the mucous fluid of the olfactory epithelium |
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Term
What is the pathway for an olfactory signal?
What determines how the brain perceives the signals? |
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Definition
olfactory epithelium=>neurons=>olfactory bulb of the brain=>glomeruli
The ratio of various specific glomeruli signaled determines the type of smell, the total number of signaled glomeruli determines the intensity |
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Term
| What is the nasal pharynx? |
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Definition
| Connects the mouth and nose, allowing the smell of food flavors |
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Term
| How is smell used in mice to determine mate compatibility? What specialized chemical is used in this process? |
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Definition
| Mice detect various pheremone smells that denote certain histocompatability cells. They try to find mates with the most immunodiversity as possible |
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Term
| What is the purpose of taste, and what taste receptors are there? |
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Definition
| to determine if food is good or bad. There are sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and "delicious" taste buds |
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Term
How are pain neurons different from normal neurons?
What is the difference between the two types of pain fibers? |
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Definition
Pain neurons are smaller, their terminals are free endings that are not encased in capsules
C fibers-thin, unmyelinated; long-lasting pain
A delta fibers-thick, myelinated; sharp+localized pain |
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Term
| What are the sensory, promary emotional and motivational, and secondary emotional and motivational components of pain? |
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Definition
sensory (somatosensory cortex)-perceives pain and describes it
primary- (cingulate cortex cortex and insular cortex) acts on the pain stimulus
secondary (prefrontal lobe)-worries about future pain |
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Term
| What is the gate theory of pain and by whom was it suggested? |
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Definition
| Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall-explains variability of pain levels for a single stimulus. Intensity depends on how well inputs pass through pain gates to reach higher pain centers |
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Term
| What is the periaqueductal grey, and how do drugs, hormones, stress, and placebos affect it? |
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Definition
A part of the brain that sends neurons to the lower brain stem and spinal cord; inhibits pain (the act of reducing pain is analgesia)
All induce the PAG to send signals |
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Term
| how are amplitude and frequency translated by the brain into specific sound qualities? |
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Definition
Amplitude=>volume
frequency=>pitch |
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Term
| What parts make up the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear/cochlea? |
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Definition
outer: pinna (cartilage of visible part), tympanic membrane (eardrum)
middle: hammer, anvil, stirrup, together the ossicles. Translates vibrations of eardrum to cochlear fluids
inner/cochlea: outer duct=>inner duct=>basilar membrane=>hair cells=>neurons |
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Term
| What are conduction deafness and sensorineural deafness, and how can each be remedied? |
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Definition
conduction: ossicles are too stiff to translate info from tympanic membrane. Fixed by a conventional hearing aid
sensorineural: damage to cochlea, hair cells, or auditory nerves. Fixed by cochlear immplants that receive sound signals and translate them directly to the brain |
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Term
| What did Bekesy determine about the positions of hairs on the cochlea? |
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Definition
| beginning/proximal hairs receive inputs for high frequencies, while end/distal hairs receive inputs for low frequencies |
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Term
| What is auditory masking? |
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Definition
| Sounds of different frequencies can prevent each other from being heard. Lower frequencies tend to obscure higher frequencies (lower travels over the entire cochlea, while high only reach the beginning) |
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Term
| How do we localize sound based on signals? |
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Definition
| The slight difference in arrival times of sound to each ear trigger certain neurons; some neurons are specific to certain orientations |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of relationships between stimuli and their effects? |
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Term
What are:
1. absolute threshold
2.difference threshould/JND
3. Weber's law
4. Fetchner's law
5. Steven's power law |
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Definition
1. weakest stimulus noticeable
2. lowest difference in magnitude of stimuli that is noticeable
3. jnd is a constant proportion of the differing magnitudes (1-2 and 50-100)
4. magnitude of sensory experiences is proportional to the log of the value of the stimulus
5. counter to Fetchner, it's proportional to the power of the stimulus |
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