Term
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Definition
| experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner |
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Term
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Definition
| when a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response |
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Term
| unconditioned stimulus (US) |
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Definition
| Something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism |
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Term
| unconditioned response (UR) |
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Definition
| A reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
| conditioned stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| a stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism |
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Term
| conditioned response (CR) |
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Definition
| a reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| the phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together. |
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Term
| second-order conditioning |
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Definition
| conditioning where the US is a stimulus that acquired its ability to produce learning from an earlier procedure in which it was used as a CS. |
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Term
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Definition
| the gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the US is no longer presented. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period |
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Term
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Definition
| a process in which the CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the original one used during acquisition |
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Term
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Definition
| the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| a propensity for learning particular kinds of association over others |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of learning in which the consequences of an organism's behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future. |
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Term
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Definition
| the principle that behaviors that are followed by a "satisfying state of affairs" tend to be repeated and those that produce an "unpleasant state of affairs" are less likely to be repeated. |
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Term
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Definition
| behvaior that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of the behavior that led to it. |
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Term
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Definition
| any stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it |
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Term
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Definition
| circumstances when external rewards can undermine the intrinsic satisfaction of performing a behavior |
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Term
| fixed interval schedule (FI) |
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Definition
| an operant conditioning principle in which reinforcements are presented at fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made. |
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Term
| variable interval schedule (VI) |
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Definition
| an operant condititoning principle in which behavior is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement |
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Term
| fixed ratio schedule (FR) |
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Definition
| an operant conditioning principle in which reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made |
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Term
| variable ratio schedule (VR) |
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Definition
| an operant conditioning principle in which the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses |
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Term
| intermittent reinforcement |
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Definition
| an operant conditioning principle in which only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement. |
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Term
| intermittent-reinforcement effect |
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Definition
| The fact that operant behaviors that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition in which something is learning but is not mainfested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future. |
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Term
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Definition
| a mental representation of the physical features of the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition in which learning takes place by watching the actions of others |
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Term
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Definition
| a process in which individuals initially learn a behavior by observing another individual perform that behavior, and then serve as a model from which other individuals learn the behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| learning that takes place largely without awareness of the process of the products of information acquisition |
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Term
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Definition
| a general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in response. |
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