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Definition
| the process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about the information |
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is a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds
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| group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit |
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| unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time |
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Definition
unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events
(9/11)
-fade over time |
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Definition
tendency to remember similar or related items in groups
such as groups of names, animals, vegetables |
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Definition
multilevel classification system based on common properties among items
minerals
metals stones
rare common alloys precious masonry
platinum iron steel ruby slate |
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Definition
organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experiences with the object or event
college students have schemas for professors' offices look like |
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consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts
thesarus.com |
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| connectionist or parallel distributed processing (PDP) |
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Definition
models assume that cognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational networks that resemble neural networks
specific nodes level of activation |
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| tip of the tongue phenomenon |
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Definition
temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling that it's just out of reach
retrieval cue not the same as memory code |
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Definition
| stimuli that helpgain access to memories |
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Definition
facilitate retrieval of information
hypnosis helps this by bringin person to full context of memory?? (not sure if that's right) |
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Term
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Definition
reconstructive distortions show up frequently in the eyewitness testimony
3 stages
- viewing the event
- exposed to information about the event
- recall of orgininal information tested
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Term
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Definition
| process of making attributions about the origins of memories |
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Definition
| memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source |
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Definition
| refers to process of deciding whether memories are based on external sources (one's perception of actual events) or internal sources (one's thoughts and imagination) |
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Term
| Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve |
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Definition
graphs retention and forgetting over time
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the proportion of material retained (remembered) |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of retention requires subjects to reproduce information on their onw without any cues |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of retention requires subjects tot select previously learned information from an array of options |
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Definition
| measure of retention requires a subject to memorize information a second time to determine how much time or how many practice trials are saved by having learned ir before |
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Term
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Definition
ineffective encoding
decay
interference
retrieval failure
motivated forgetting |
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Term
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Definition
| never actually learned material |
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Term
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Definition
| forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time |
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Definition
| proposes that people forget information because of competition from other material |
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Definition
occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information
old disturbs new ~ Mr. G's PIN number experience
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Term
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Definition
| previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information |
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Term
| encoding specificity principle |
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Definition
| states that the value of a retrieval cues depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code |
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Term
| transfer appropriate processing |
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Definition
| occurs when initial processing of the information is similar to the type of processing required by the subsequent measure of retention |
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Definition
involves forming a memory code for information
new info into meaning |
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Term
| model of memory (Atkinson &Shiffrin) |
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Definition
computer
encoding - enter data through keyboard
storage- saving data in file on hard disk
retrieval- calling up file and displaying on the moniter |
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Definition
| involves focusing awareness on a narrow range of stimuli or events |
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Term
| cocktail party phenomenon |
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Definition
only concentrate on one conversation at a time
hear your name called only 35% percent of the first time it's said |
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Definition
| drawing attention to familiar objects |
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Definition
how information is stored
how much focus
level of processing theory proposes that deeper levels of processing result in longer lasting memory codes |
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Definition
| how the information sounds |
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Definition
| the meaning - objects/actions that the words represent |
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Definition
linkind a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding
more examples = better recall |
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Definition
create visual images to represent the words to be remembered
some words easier to make images for some than others |
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Definition
involves deciding how or whether information is personally relevant
apply to you personally |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| encooding that preserves information in its original form |
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| capacity of sensory memory |
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Definition
| sensory stimuli--visual, sound, touch |
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| duration of sensory memory |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| look at + for a while - letters flash then hear a low, high or middle tone and recite the line of letters corresponding with tone |
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Term
| short term memory/ working memory |
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Definition
limited capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to 20 seconds
capacity: 7 + or - 2
duration: 20 seconds |
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Term
| george miller "magic number" |
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Definition
| 7 + or - 2 items for short term memory |
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Term
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Definition
new version of STM
phonological loop
Executive control
visuospatial sketchpad
episodic buffer |
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Term
| working memory-phonological rehearsal loop |
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Definition
| example is reciting a phone number over and over |
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Definition
permits people to temporarily hold and manipulate visual images
rearrange furniture |
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| executive control (system) |
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Definition
| controls deployment of attention, switching the focus of attention and dividing attention when needed |
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Term
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Definition
| a temporary, limited capacity store that allows the various components of working memory to integrate information and that serves as an interface between working memory and long-term memory |
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| Serial Position Effect----FIND |
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Definition
| remember the beginning and end the best the middle is jumbled |
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Term
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Definition
unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthly periods of time
-skeptical-lose accuracy over time |
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Term
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Definition
unusually detailed and vivd recollections of momentous events
such as 9/11 |
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Term
| wilder penfield (ESB) and memory |
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Definition
| electrical stimulation of the Brain |
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