Term
| What type of fermentations is used to make sauerkruat and what organism dows the fermenting? |
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Definition
| Lactic acid fermentation done by bacteria |
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Term
| During fermentation ______ is convereted into ____ or _____+_____ |
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Definition
| Pyruvic Acid into lactic acid or ethanol and carbon dioxide |
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Term
| What two things are broken down to produce the end products of each fermentation pathway? |
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Definition
| Pyruvic acid and NADH (supplies H from glucose) |
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Term
| State the type of fermentation that occus in our muscles and why it happens and why we feel pain. |
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Definition
| Lactic acid fermentation due to Oxygen being used up; muscles cannot contract well so pain and cramps develop. |
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Term
| State the following about the solution that is needed to ferment cabbage; what it is called, how it is created, how it affects the leaves and why a water solution is necessary. |
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Definition
| Brine that is hypertonic is created from non-iodized salt added that draws out water. Keeps the enviroment anarobic for bacteria (oxygen kills them) |
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Term
| Glycolysis is the breakdown of ____ into ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| What two stages produce CO2? |
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Definition
| The transistion step and the Kreb's cycle. |
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Term
| What are the four products of the Kreb's cycle? |
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Definition
| NADH2, 2 FADH2, CO2 AND ATP |
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Term
| Where do electrons come from that enter the ETC and what accepts them when they exit? |
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Definition
| Electrons come from the H in NADH and FADH2 and move through the molecules of the ETC. When they exit they go to oxygen atoms as the final electron acceptor. |
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Term
| Trace the path of H+ from the Kreb's cycle until it binds to oxygen and why its movement is important |
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Definition
| H+ comes from NADH and FADH2 and is pumped through the ETC pump from the matrix into the space using active transport, it then passively diffuses throught the ATP synthase back into the matrix. this powers ADP+P to form ATP in a process called chemiosmosis. |
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Term
| During respiration _____ energy is converted to _____ energy. |
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Definition
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Term
| How many ATP's are produced from one NADH? How many from FADH2? |
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Definition
| 3 for each NADH and 2 for each FADH2 |
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Term
| State the three processes where ATP is produced during aerobic respiration. |
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Definition
| Glycolysis, the Kreb's cycle and the ETC |
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Term
| What are the efficiency percentages of anaerobicand aerobic respiration and how many times more efficient is aerobic compared to anaerobic respiration? |
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Definition
| Anaerobic is 3.5% and aerobic is 66% which is almost 20 times more efficient. |
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Term
| How is the formation of water related to ATP production? |
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Definition
| When water forms it removes H+ ions from the matrix which keeps the H+ concentration low inside. This favors the diffusion of H+ through the ATP synthase from high concentration in the space to low in the matrix so that the majority of the ATP can be produced. |
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Term
| What do bacteria have to transfer from molecule to molecule to generate energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| What would be the fuel source for the microbes and where would they have to deposit the energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| Identify three reasons why biological batteries are better than electricity to power things. |
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Definition
| They operate at safe body temps, no pollution, small size and generates electricity directly without by-products. |
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Term
| List four devices and/or processes where this technology could be applied in the future. |
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Definition
| Internal blood glucose monitors, cell phones, calculators, smoke detectors, flashlights, sewage breakdown, run seafloor devices to detect earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. |
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Term
| State two obstacles that have to be overcome and why before the technology becomes truly useful. |
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Definition
| Getting the electrons past the cell membrane and producing more than 600 nanowatts of power. |
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Term
| The body cannot use _____ as the main fuel because it cannot pass from the blood into the brain. |
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Definition
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Term
| List the order that the three foods macromolecules are used in to create energy. |
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Definition
| Carbohydrates then fats then protiens |
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Term
| List two reasons that it is dangerous to stay on a high protien diet for too long. |
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Definition
| You break down muscle to make energy, you can go into kidney failure and your nervous system shuts down. |
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Term
| List two reasons that anaerobic exercise does for the body and list two anaerobic activities. |
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Definition
| Improve lung capacity, strengthen the heart, more red blood cells to use oxygen better. Swimming and running. |
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Term
| List three things that aerobic excercise does for the body and list two aerobic activities. |
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Definition
| Creates strong bones, builds muscle mass and increases speed and power. Tennis and weight lifting. |
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Term
| What is C2H5OH the formula for? What is C12H22O11 the formula for? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is electron movement through the ETC molecules important? |
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Definition
| It powers the proton pump so that H+ can diffuse throught the ATP synthase to make ATP. |
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Term
| What is the overall equation for cellular respiration (include numbers of all chemicals)? |
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Definition
| C6H12O6 + 6O2 to 6H20 + 36 ATP |
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Term
| How are ATP levels affected when acetyl levels rise and what happens to extra acetyl? |
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Definition
| The also rise and it is stored as fat. |
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Term
| What were the two things that were tested int he anaerobic respiration lab and how did they affect the reaction rate? |
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Definition
| We tested the affect of temperature and carbohydrate source. The warm temperature allowed the enzymes in the yeast to act faster. The sweetner rose faster because it is a monomer but the sugar produced more carbon dioxide in the end because it is a dimer and there is more to break down by the yeast. |
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