Term
| To what does the circle of thought refer? |
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Definition
| Involves 5 main functions: describing, elaborating, deciding, planning, and guiding action |
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Term
| What are some examples of formal and natural concepts? |
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Definition
formal concepts are neatly defined (square, lab findings)
natural concepts don't have fixed definition (home, game) |
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Term
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Definition
a member of a natural concept that posesses all or most of its characteristic feautures
(is a robin a bird? vs is a penguin a bird?) |
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Term
| How can schemas be helpful? |
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Definition
understand the world and certain relationships, expectations about objects, places, people
(homeless looking man actually a millionaire) |
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Term
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Definition
a mental model that represents familiar parts of the environment
(someone gives you directions and you visualize how to get there in your head) |
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Term
| How does formal and informal reasoning differ? |
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Definition
formal reasoning follows a series of steps to reach a known & valid point.
**VS** informal reasoning is how we evaluate a point based on the evidence |
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Term
| Why is incubation useful when faced with a seemingly unsolvable problem? |
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Definition
| if you let the problem sit for awhile, incorrect ideas are forgotten and correct ideas can come to mind |
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Term
| Is there a strong correlation between creativity and intelligence? |
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Definition
| creativity is blending multiple ideas into one aspect, so yes |
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Term
| How does divergent thinking and convergent thinking differ? |
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Definition
Divergent thinking is the ability to generate many diff. solutions to a problem.
Convergent thinking is the ability to apply rules of logic to narrow down solutions to a problem. |
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Term
| Why does the gambler's falacy result in poor decision making? |
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Definition
people think that the probability of future events will change based on past events
(i didnt win last time so im due to win this time-FALSE) |
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Term
| Why is a group decision most likely to be the option that is not strongly opposed by any of the group members? |
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Definition
a group decision is the majority
"group polarization"
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Term
| What are the two basic elements of language? |
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Definition
symbols-words
set of rules to use symbols-grammar |
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Term
| What are babblings and what are telegraphic sentences? |
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Definition
babblings-first infant sounds that are meaningless but resemble speech
telegraphic sentences- short 2 or 3 word phrases that are to the point (Mommy give. Play toy) |
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Term
| How many words does the average adult have in his or her vocab? The average six year old? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did AlfredBinet's first age-graded tests measure? |
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Definition
mental level,mental age.
children testing for a "a six year old item" could be done by 6 year olds but not 5year olds. |
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Term
| What is the formula for the intelligence quotient developed by Terman? |
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Definition
| divide mental age by chronological age and divide by 100 |
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Term
| What is measured within the performance scale found in the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale? |
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Definition
| 7 subtests relating to relationships between objects and manipulation of various materials |
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Term
| Why are tests standardized? |
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Definition
| so that tests will not be affected by unimportant factors like who gives the test and who scores the test |
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Term
| Are genetic factors strongly related to IQ? |
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Definition
| yes but also to cultural, educational, and environmental factors |
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Term
| Has the adoption of children from impoverished backgrounds generally changed their IQs? |
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Definition
| Yes, children adopted into higher socioeconomic status generally have higher IQs than those of lower socioeconomic status |
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Term
| What different kinds of intelligences are included in Gardner's multiple intelligences theory? |
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Definition
| (8) linguistic, logical-mathmatical, spatial, musical, body-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal,and naturalistic |
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Term
| What three kinds of intelligence does Sternberg include in his triarchic theory of intelligence? |
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Definition
| analytic, creative, practical |
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Term
| How is motivation defined? |
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Definition
| the influences that account for the initiation, direction, intensity, and persistance of behavior |
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Term
| What different factors influence motivation? |
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Definition
physiological factors (food/water)
emotional factors (fear,love)
cognitive factors (beliefs, perceptions)
social factors (influence of parents, peers) |
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Term
| What is the drive reduction theory of motivation? |
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Definition
| motivation arrises from imbalance in homeostasis |
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Term
| How does arrousal theory explain motivation? |
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Definition
people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arrousal for them
(overarrousal-too much anxiety for a test)
(underarrousal- athletes 'choke' on performance) |
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Term
| What does incentive theory emphasize about motivation? |
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Definition
| people are pulled toward behaviors that offer positive incentives and pushed away from behaviors associated with negative incentives |
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Term
| What part of the brain detects and reacts to the blood's signals about the need to eat? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do the eating disorders of anorexia nervosa and bullimia nervosa differ? |
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Definition
| anorexia is when you consume less and over-work out, bulimia is when you consume a lot and then self-induce vomit or use laxatives |
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Term
| What kind of parenting is most likely to lead to a high level of achievement motivation in children? |
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Definition
1.encouraging difficult, new tasks
2. give praise/rewards for success
3.encourage to find ways to succeed, not complain of failure
4. prompt to go on next challenge |
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Term
| What did researchers find that accounted for low worker motivation in western cultures? |
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Definition
| having little or no control over the work environment |
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Term
| According to research in subject well-being, what seems to matter most in generating happiness? |
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Definition
| close social ties, religious faith, having resources to make progress in one's goals |
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Term
| What are Maslow's five class of human needs, or motives? |
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Definition
1. Physiological (food, water)
2. Safety (cared for as a child, income)
3. Belonginess or love
4. Esteem (respected)
5. Self-actualization (reaching full potential) |
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Term
| What are the four types of motivational concepts, according to Miller? |
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Definition
1. approach-approach (choose 1 of 2 desirable activities- going to movies or mall?)
2. avoidance-avoidance (choose 1 of 2 UNdesirable activities- cut grass or clean house?)
3. approach-avoidance (event has attractive and unattractive qualities- someone you dislike has tickets to concert, do you go with them anyways?)
4. multiple approach-avoidance conflicts (2 or more alternatives each have positive and negative features- choose between 2 jobs, one pays more but works longer and one benefits but doesnt pay as much)
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Term
| What are the characteristics of emotion? |
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Definition
| temporary, positive or negative, vary in intensity, triggered by mental assesment of situation, alters thought process, action tendency, passions |
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Term
| When under stress, what nervous system releases norepinephrine to help the body prepare for flight or fight? |
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Definition
| sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| What is the James-Lange theory of emotion? |
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Definition
emotions are created by specific patterns of peripheal responses
(anger is associated with increased blood flow to hands and feet, fear is associated with decreased blood flow.) |
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Term
| What is the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion? |
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Definition
cognitive interpretation of events and physiological reactions to events shapes emotional experiences
(autonomic arrousal can be exp. as anxiety or excitement... single event can lead to different emotions) |
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Term
| What is the Connon-Bard theory of emotion? |
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Definition
the brain generates direct experiences of emotions
(stimulation of certain brain areas can create pleasant or unpleasant emotions) |
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Term
| What did the studies of excitation transfer discover? |
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Definition
| physiological arousal from one situationn is carried over to and enhances emotional experience in an independant situation |
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Term
| In what ways do people communicate emotions to one another? |
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Definition
words- describe feelings
facial expression |
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Term
| What are examples of culturally learned expressions of emotions? |
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Definition
expressions more intense in social scenes than solitary
some tones can be described as more happy or sad
some facial expressions can not be read cross cultures- western vs asian |
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Term
| What emotional expressions seem to be innate, which are learned? |
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Definition
anger, happiness, sadness are universal (Darwin's examples..)
some others are culturally learned or exhibited differently |
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Term
| How does social referencing influence emotional behavior? |
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Definition
| letting another person's emotional state guide our own behavior |
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