Bones of skull, thorax, and vertebral column

Contains 80 bones

Bones of the limbs and girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton.

Composed of 126 bones.

Irregular bones formed between cranial bones.

The number, size, and shape vary.

Small, falt, and somewhat shaped like sesame seed.

Developed in tendons of knee, hands, and feet.

Consist largely of spongy bone.

It's a network of struts and plates.

Resists forces from various directions and directs body weight to diaphysis and joints.

Covers portions of epiphysis that form articulations.

Avascular and receives resources from synovial fluid.

Carries blood to/from metaphysis

Connects to epiphyseal arteries/veins

Mature bone cells that cannot divide.

Most numerous bone cell type.

Maintain protein and mineral content of adjacent matrix

Produce new bony matrix.

Become osteocytes once surrounded by bony matrix.

Mesenchymal cells that produce cells that differentiate into osteoblasts.

Important in fracture repair.

Remove and remodel bone matrix.

Giant cells with 50+ nuclei.

Release acids and proteolytic enzymes to dissolve matrix and release stored minerals.

Contain central canals (parallel to bone surface).

Connected by perforating canals.

Created by osteoblasts in periosteum cellular layer.

Strongly connect tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules to bone through periosteum.

Incomplete cellular layer lining medullary cavity.

Covers spongy bone and lines central canals.

Consists of simple layer of osteoprogenitor cells.

Reduction in growth hormone leads to reduced epiphyseal cartilage activity and short bones.

Rare due to treatment with synthetic growth hormone.

Achondroplasia

Excessive cartilage formation at epiphyseal cartilage.

Causes long, slender limbs

Crack or break due to extreme mechanical stress.

Most heal as long as blood supply and cellular parts of periosteum and endosteum survive.