Term
| What did Freud think about the ego? |
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Definition
-the ego is the id's slave
-everything a person does is because of the id's demands |
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Term
| What did Anna Freud say about the importance of the id |
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Definition
| -instead of focusing just on the id, need to focus on the other parts of the personality (id, ego, superego) |
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Term
| What does Erickson say about the ego? |
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Definition
-said that the ego is just as impostant as the id
-ego has own needs; does not just fulfill id
-needs to organize one's life to ensure harmony with social and physical environment
-ego psychology |
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Term
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Definition
| philosophy that the ego is as important as the id. the ego is autonomous + has goals of its own |
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Term
| Where when was Erickson born? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's up with Erik's parents? |
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Definition
-His mom + her first husband got a divorce. The husband was a criminal.
-Erik did not know his father. Everyone said the criminal was his father, but he was not.
-His mom married Homburger when Erik was 3. Homburger adopted Erik.
-Erik thought that Homburger was his real father during his childhood |
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Term
| Why did Erickson change his name? |
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Definition
Erickson = Eric's son
He believed that people create themselves. |
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Term
| What was Erickson's big identity crisis growing up? |
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Definition
| -He was Jewish, but had blue eyes and blond hair |
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Term
| Who trained Erickson in psychoanalysis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-met at masked dance
-joan = dance teacher, member of freud's circle
-moved in together + became pregnant
-married |
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Term
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Definition
-analyzed historical figures (like hitler)
-used developmental theory to analyze their behavior |
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Term
| Erickson's study of girls + boys' arrangement of toys to create a scene |
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Definition
-girls created scenes that included an enclosure + other elements like animals
-boys scenes had buildings with high walls. had animals and people outside enclosure
--Erickson thought that these scenes represented their external genitalia
"anatomy, history, and personality are our combined destiny" |
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Term
| What were Caplan's criticism's of Erickson's theory that sexual anatomy determines personality? |
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Definition
-there is no sex difference found in constructions of simple enclosures made by kids
-there are no sex determined personality characteristics
-anatomy is not destiny, because personality differences between men and women emerge as a result of differential socialization practices |
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Term
| What did Erickson say in response to the criticisms he faced when he said that sex determines personality? |
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Definition
-psychoanalytic truths are often disturbing and he understands why people are upset by them
-biology is only one determinant of personality; culture is another |
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Term
| Erickson's epigenetic principle |
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Definition
-all humans develop personality in determined stages
-our environment influences how we progress through these stages |
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Term
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Definition
-turning point that occurs in stage of development
-can have negative or positive results |
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Term
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Definition
1. Immature phase: not a focal point of personality development
2. critical phase:it is the focal point of pesonality development due to biological, psychological, social reasons
3. resolution phase: resolution of phase influences subsequent personality development |
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Term
| what determines whether a crisis will be resolved positively? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-behaviors that reflect customs of a culture
ex: shaking hands, kissing, hugging, etc |
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Term
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Definition
inappropriate or false ritualizations
-cause of most psychological and social pathology
-"empty ceremonies"
-ritualizations that become mechanical and stereotypical; no longer have meaning
ex: ritualization = addressing accomplished person with a title.
ritualism = worship accomplished people |
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Term
| what determines the exact order in which the developmental stages occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What stage of development during infancy? |
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Definition
Basic Trust vs Basic Mistrust
-birth to one year
-most helpless and dependent on adults
-basic trust develops when caregivers fulfill basic needs
-if caregiver rejects needs or fulfills them in an inconsistent manner, then Basic Mistrust exists |
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Term
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Definition
-infancy
-develops when infants' needs are met consistently
-general trust of the world and the people in it |
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Term
| What is the infant's first social achievement? |
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Definition
-willingness to let the mother out of sight without undue anxiety or rage
-due to basic trust |
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Term
| when does a virtue emerge in one's personality? |
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Definition
| when a crisis is resolved positively |
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Term
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Definition
adds strength to the ego
ex: hope |
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Term
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Definition
various culturally different ways that a mother interacts with infant
-ritualizations |
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Term
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Definition
-occurs when normal respect and deep appreciation for a person becomes excessive admiration and idealization.
steers developing child in the direction of blind hero worship |
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Term
| What developmental stage occurs during early childhood? |
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Definition
| -Autonomy versus Shame and doubt |
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Term
| Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt |
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Definition
-early childhood
-end of first year to about end of third year of age
-learn to walk, climb, etc
-anal stage, freud
-battle of wills with parents |
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Term
| what happens if a child develops more autonomy than shame + doubt? |
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Definition
virtue of WILL emerges
Will = unbroken determination to exercise free choice |
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Term
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Definition
| sense of being relatively independent of external control |
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Term
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Definition
| feelings that develop instead of the feeling of autonomy when the crisis is resolved negatively during 2nd stage |
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Term
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Definition
ritualization by which the child learns what is sanctioned and what is not
-learns laws, rules, etc of culture
-child learns to judge his/her own behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
-can occur during second stage of development
-preoccupation with rules and regulations themselves, instead of what they were trying to accomplish
legalism vs judiciousness |
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Term
| What developmental stage occurs during preschool? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
4-5 years old
-Phallic stage, Freud
-child develops interest in sexual differences
-limits are tested |
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Term
| How do children develop initiative? |
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Definition
| a parent encourage their childrens' self-initiated behaviors and fantasies |
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Term
| How is guilt developed during the Intiave vs Guilt stage? |
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Definition
-parents ridicule the child's self-initiated behavior and imagination
-will live in narrow limits that others set for them |
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Term
| How is the virtue PURPOSE developed? |
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Definition
| if children develop more initiative than guilt |
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Term
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Definition
ritualization characterizing the third stage of development (preschool)
involves role playing to discover possible ways to live adult life |
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Term
|
Definition
ritualization that occurs during the third stage of development (preschool)
-involves confusing playing a role with one's personality |
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Term
| What crisis occurs during School Age? 6-11 years old |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
-corresponds with Freud's latency stage
-attend school
-learn skills necessary for survival
-taught skills necessary for future employment |
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Term
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Definition
| learn to be a productive member of society |
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Term
| when does INFERIORITY develop |
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Definition
School age 6-11
when kids do not develop industry.
lose confidence in ability to become productive members of society |
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Term
| When is the virtue COMPETENCE developed? |
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Definition
preschool age 6-11
-if children's sense of industry is greater than their sense of inferiorty |
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Term
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Definition
| -during this stage, children learn that they must have REAL skills, not imagined ones |
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Term
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Definition
ritualization where kids learn the appropriate ways of doing things
-must do everything "properly" |
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Term
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Definition
| demonstrated when an overconcern with technique and a blindness of the purpose and meaning of task occur |
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Term
| What developmental stage occurs during adolescence? 12-20 years old |
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Definition
| Identity vs Role Confusion |
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Term
|
Definition
-5th stage of development
-results: role confusion or gaining an identity |
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Term
|
Definition
5th stage of development
adolescent is searching for identity |
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Term
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Definition
identities that children are told not to assume
ex: being an alcoholic |
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Term
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Definition
inability to choose a role in life
cannot make superficial commitments |
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Term
| when do kids emerge with the virtue FIDELITY? |
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Definition
| when they have a positive identity rather than role cofusion or a negative identity |
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Term
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Definition
| virtue where individuals are faithful to a person, belief, or cause |
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Term
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Definition
| finding the meaning of life + beliefs |
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Term
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Definition
exaggeration of ritualization of ideology
Overly committed to simplistic ideoogies |
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Term
| What developmental stage occurs during young adulthood? 20-24 years |
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Definition
| intimacy versus isolation |
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Term
| What did freud say that people should be able to do well? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Erikson think about relationships? |
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Definition
only people with a secure identity should enter a relationship
young adults with strong identities seek intimacy from others |
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Term
| What do people that do not develop a capacity for productive work and intimacy end up doing? |
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Definition
withdraw into themselves
avoid close contacts
develop a feeling of ISOLATION |
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Term
| How do individuals develop the virtue LOVE? |
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Definition
| develop a greater capacity for intimacy than for isolation during young adulthood |
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Term
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Definition
the various ways a culture sanctions caring, productive relationships between adults
ex: marriage ceremony = sanctioning rituals |
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Term
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Definition
exaggeration of ritualization of affiliation
experience sense of isolation rather than intimacy
form bonds with small groups that think the same way, instead of developing healthy relationships
think they are better than everyone else |
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Term
| What developmental stage occurs during adulthood? 25-64 |
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Definition
| generativity vs stagnation |
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Term
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Definition
try to pass on good aspects of life to next generation
-interact with other peoples' kids or your own
-try to enhance lives of next generation |
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Term
|
Definition
| do not care for the next generation |
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Term
| how is the virtue of CARE developed? |
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Definition
-developed in adulthood
-more generativity than stagnation |
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Term
|
Definition
| ritualization where adults transmit cultural values to next generation |
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Term
| what is the exaggeration of generationalism? |
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Definition
| authoritism (authority figures in a culture use their power not for the care of young, but for their own selfish purposes |
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Term
| what developmental stage occurs during Old Age? 65+ |
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Definition
| Ego ego iIntegrity vs Despair |
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Term
|
Definition
8th stage of development, 65+
-do not fear death
-feel good about life lived |
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Term
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Definition
| a person that does not have "ego integrity," fears death, and regrets things that happened during life. do not feel like fulfilled life |
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Term
| How is the virtue WISDOM developed? |
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Definition
| more ego integrity than despair |
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Term
|
Definition
| ritualization where individual sees life in larger perspective + knows that they have contributed positively to culture/society |
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Term
| What age does infancy occur? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what age does early childhood occur? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what age does preschool age occur? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what age does adolescence occur? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what age does young adult occur? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what age does Old Age occur? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What age does adulthood occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What ritualizations occur during infancy? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What ritualizations occur during early childhood? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what ritualizations occur during preschool age? |
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Definition
impersonation
authenticity |
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Term
| what ritualizations occur during adolescence? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what ritualizations occur during school age? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what ritualizations occur during young adulthood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what ritualizations occur during adulthood? |
|
Definition
generationalism
authoritism |
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Term
| what ritualizations occur during old age? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
older person does not have ego integrity, just despair
pretends to be wise and have all answers |
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Term
What did Erikson think that patients suffer from in modern times?
What did he think they suffered with in the past? |
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Definition
Current: what he should believe in, who he should be/become
Past: inhibitions which prevented people from being what and who they thought they were |
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Term
| Compare Freud + Erikson: Development |
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Definition
-Freud: concentrated his studies on psychosexual stages of development coming before age of 6.
-Erickson: Studied development as it occurs throughout life |
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Term
| Compare Freud and Erikson: Anatomy as destiny |
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Definition
Freud: Emphasized importance of biological differences between sexes.
Erikson: agreed that anatomical differences provide patterns of internal stimulation. He insisted that stimulation interacts with environment to produce personality characteristics.
-Erikson does not talk about penis envy |
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Term
| Compare Freud and Erikson: Ego Psychology |
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Definition
Erikson shifted attention away from the id and toward the ego.
-Erikson viewed society as a potential strength. Freud viewed society as being war for individual
-Erikson believed that culture must provide ritualizations that help people positively resolve crises |
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Term
| Compare Freud and Erikson: Dream Analysis |
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Definition
-Freud and Erikson both agreed that dreams contain info about unconscious
-both believed that free association was effective in studying dreams
-Erikson: Ego influences dreams. Dreams offer solutions to life problems |
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Term
| Compare Freud and Erikson: Psychotherapy |
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Definition
Freud: need to use psychoanalysis, free association, dream analysis
Erikson: people need to go through all 8 stages of development + develop all virtues to be healthy |
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Term
| Compare Freud and Erikson: Religion |
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Definition
-Freud: neorosis based on fears and desire
Erikson: people need religion. without it, peoples' lives would be filled with uncertainty |
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Term
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Definition
-failure to properly acknowledge influences in his theory: he says that he is Freudian, but his theories are not.
-difficult to test empirically: lacks statistical analysis + quantification
Overly optimistic view of humans: does not talk about animalistic tendencies
support of status quo: advocated conformity, because he said that people should hand down customs from culture to culture.
Excessive morality: christian ethics. erikson may have been describing his own values rather than objective reality. |
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Term
| What are Erikson's contributions to psychology? |
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Definition
-Expansion of psychology's domain: considered to be most useful theory ever developed
-Considerable applied value: erikson's theory has been successfully used in areas of child psychology and counseling
-Development of ego psychology: encouraged the study or healthy people + neurotics |
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