Term
| definition of perichondrium |
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Definition
| the layer that surrounds a cartilage consisting of an outer fibrous region (periosteum) and an innercellular region (endosteum) |
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Term
SKELETAL TISSUE
contain no....1
the dense connective ....2 |
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Definition
1. contain no blood vessels or nerves
2. dense connective tissue girdle of perichondrium; contains blood vessels for nutrient delivery to cartilage. |
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Term
| 3 TYPES OF SKELETAL CARTILAGE |
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Definition
1. HYALINE CARTILAGE- in ears, nose, joints, and costal cartilage; provides support, flexibility, and resilence; and is the most abundant type.
2. ELASTIC CARTILAGE- in ears; similar to hyaline cartilages but contains elastic fibers.
3. FIBROCARTILAGE- between vertebrae in vertebral column; have collagen fibers with great tensil strength. |
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Term
( 3 types of growth of cartilage)
APPOSITIONAL........1
INTERSTITIAL........2
CALCIFICATION.......3 |
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Definition
1. in appositional growth, cells secrete a matrix against the external face of existing cartilage.
2. in interstitial growth, chrondocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within.
3. calcification of cartilage occurs during normal bone growth and old age. |
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Term
(2 main groups of the skeleton by location)
AXIAL..........1
APPENDICULAR...2 |
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Definition
1. axial consists of the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic rib cage.
2. the appendicular area consists of the girdles and their appendences; limbs, girdles (pectoral pelvic girdle) |
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Term
(classification of bones by shape)
LONG BONES........1
SHORT BONES.......2
FLAT BONES.........3
IRREGULAR BONES.....4 |
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Definition
1. long bones are longer than they are wide. ex: phalanges.
2. short bones include cube shaped bones(in wrist and ankle) and sesamoid bones (bones embedded in tendon. ex: patella)
3. flat bones are thin, flat, and slightly curved. ex: ribs, pelvis, sternum and clavicle.
4. irregular bones- have complicated shapes. ex: vertebrae |
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Term
6 primary funtions of bones.
SUPPORT FOR............1
PROTECTION FOR..........2
MOVEMENTS............3
STORAGE..............4
BLOOD CELL FORMATION...5
TRIGLYCERIDE..........6 |
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Definition
1. support for the body and soft organs
2. prtection for the brain, spinal chord, and vital organs.
3. movement- levers for muscle action
4. storage- for minerals (calcium and phosphorus) and growth factors.
5. blood cell formation(hematopoieses) in marrow cavities.
6. triglyceride(energy) storage in bone cavities. |
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Term
| BULGES, DEPRESSIONS, AND HOLES SERVE AS.... |
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Definition
-Sites of attatchment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons
-joint surfaces
-conduits for blood vessels and nerves |
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Term
TUBEROCITY....1
CREST.........2
TROCHANTER.....3
LINE IS .......4
TUBERCLE.......5 |
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Definition
1. rounded projection
2. narrow prominent ridge
3. large, blunt, irregular surface
4. narrow ridge of bone
5. small rounded projection |
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Term
EPICONDYLE.....1
SPINE..........2
PROCESS........3
FACET..........4
RAMUS..........5
FISSURE.......6 |
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Definition
1.raised area above a condyle
2. sharp, slender projection
3. any bony prominence
4. smooth, nearly flat articular surface.
5. armlike bar
6.narrow slitlike opening |
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Term
| PROJECTIONS THAT HELP TO FORM JOINTS(4) |
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Definition
-head
-facet
-condyle
- ramus |
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Term
| 6 DEPRESSIONS AND OPENINGS |
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Definition
-meatus
-sinus
-groove
-fossa
-foramen
-fissure |
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Term
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Definition
COMPACT BONE has a dense outer layer; located in shaft or end and made of tight oseons in a bundle similar to straws
-SPONGIY (CANCELLOUS) BONE- honeycomb of trabeculae; reduced wieght and keeps bones strong in flat bones such as the ribs, sternum, and pelvis. also on end bones |
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Term
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Definition
-also known as the shaft.
-the compact bone collar surround medullary cavity
- medullary cavity in adults contains fat (yellow marrow) |
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Term
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Definition
-located on ends of long bones or expanded ends
-has a spongy bone interior and an epiphyseal line
-articular(hyaline) cartilage on joint surfaces covers the ends of the bones |
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Term
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Definition
- the connective tissue membrane on the outside
- has an outer fibrous layer and an inner osteogenic layer consisting of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteogenic (stem) cells.
- Nerve fibers, nutrient blood vessels and lymphatic vessels enter the bone via nutrient foramina.
-sealed to underlying bones by sharpeys fibers |
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Term
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Definition
- the connective tissue membrane on inside or delicate membane on internal surfaces of bone.
- contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
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Term
| STRUCTURE OF SHORT, IRREGULAR, AND FLAT BONES(4) |
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Definition
-periosteum-covered compact bone on the outside
-endosteum-covered spongy bone within
-spongy bone called diploe in flat bones.
- bone marrow between the trabeculae |
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Term
location of hematopoietic tissue (red marrow)
RED MARROW CAVITIES OF ADULTS.....1
RED MARROW OF NEWBORN INFANTS.....2 |
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Definition
1. in trabecular cavities of head of femur and humerus and diploe of flat bones.
2. medullary cavities of all spaces in spongy bone. |
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Term
(microscopic anatomy of bone)
OSTEOGENIC.....1
OSTEOBLASTS.....2
OSTEOCYTES......3
OSTEOCLASTS.....4 |
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Definition
1. stem cels in periosteum and endosteum that give rise to osteoblasts
2. bone forming cells
3. mature bone cells
4. cells that break down (resorb) bone matrix. |
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Term
Haversian system aka.....1
contains.......2
Central haversian canal contains.....3 |
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Definition
1. haversian system aka osteon structural unit
2. osteons contain lamellae which is weight bearing and contains column like matrix tubes
3. contains blood vessels and nerves |
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Term
Perforating volkmans canals....1
Lacunae..........2
Canaliculi.......3 |
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Definition
1. at right angles to the central haversian canal; connect blood vessels and nerves of the periosteum and central canal
2. lacunae are small cavities that contain osteocytes.
3. canaliculi are hair-like canal that connect lacunae to eachother and the central canal |
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Term
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Definition
-align along the lines of stress
-have no osteons
- contain irregularly arranged lammelae, osteocytes, and cannaliculi
- the capillaries in endosteum supply nutrients |
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Term
| CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BONE: ORGANIC |
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Definition
-have osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts
-contain OSTEOID which is an organic bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts; contain a ground substance( proteoglycans and glycoprotiens) and collagen fiber which provide tensile strength and flexibility |
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Term
| CHEMICAL COMPOSTION OF BONE: INORGANIC |
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Definition
- have hydroxyapatites( mineral salts) which are calcium phosphate crystals.
-65% of bone mass
-mainly calcium phosphate crystals
-responsible for hardness and resistance to compression. |
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Term
| (bone development) 3 STAGES OF OSTEOGENESIS- bone tissue formation |
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Definition
-bone formation begins in the 2nd month fo development
-postnatal bone growth- until early childhood
-bone remodeling and repair- lifelong |
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Term
| 2 TYPES OF OSSIFICATION OR BONE FORMATION |
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Definition
-INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION- membrane bone develops from fibrous membrane and forms flat bones. Ex: clavicles and cranial bones
- ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION- this type of bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage, uses hyaline cartilage models, requires the breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior to ossification and forms most of the rest of the skeleton. |
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Term
(postnatal bone formation)
INTERSTITIAL.....1
APPOSITIONAL......2 |
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Definition
1. interstitial increases in length of bones.
2. appositional increases in thickness of bone. |
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Term
| EPIPHSEAL PLATE CARTILAGE ORGANIZES INTO 4 IMPORTANT FUNTIONAL ZONES. |
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Definition
- proliferation (growth)
- hypertrophic (further division)
- calcification
- ossification or osteogenisis |
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Term
| HORMONAL REGULATION OF BONE GROWTH |
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Definition
-growth hormone stimulates epiphyseal plate activity
- thyroid hormone modulates activity fo growth of cartilage.
-testosterone and estrogens at puberty: promote adolescent growth spurts and end growth by enducing epiphseal plate activity. |
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Term
BONE DEPOSIT
occurs when..........1
requires a diet......2
sites of new matrix deposit are revealed by the (2).......3 |
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Definition
1.occurs where bone is injured or added strength is needed.
2. requires a dies tich in protien; vitamins C, D, and A; calcium, phosphorus; magnesium and manganese
3. sites of new matrix deposits are revealed by the osteoid seam and the calcification front.
-osteoid seam is an unmineralized band of matrix
calcification front- the abrupt transition zone between the osteoid seam and the older mineralized bone |
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Term
( bone resorption )
OSTEOCLASTS SECRETE...1
DISSOLVED MATRIX IS TRANSOTYSED....2 |
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Definition
1.osteoclats secrete lyosomal enzymes that digest organic matrix and acids which convert calcium salts into soluble forms.
- dissolved matrix is trancytosed across osteoclasts, enters interstitial fluid, and enters the blood. |
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Term
| WHAT CONTROLS CONTINUAL REMODELING OF BONE? |
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Definition
- hormone mechanisms that maintain calcium homeostasis in the blood.
-mechanical and gravitational forces. |
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Term
| CALCIUM IS NECCESARY FOR 5 FUNTIONS |
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Definition
- transmission of nerve impulses
- muscle contraction
- blood coagulation
- secretion by glands and nerve cells.
- cell division |
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Term
( hormonal control of blood CA2+)
WHEN BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS ARE LOW, IT IS PRIMARILY CONTROLLED BY THE PARATHYROID HORMONE... |
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Definition
| When blood calcium is low, parathyroid glands release PTH and PTH stimulates osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release ca2+. Then one has higher blood calcium levels |
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Term
(hormonal control of blood ca2+)
WHEN BLOOD LEVELS ARE HIGH, IT MAY BE EFFECTED TO A LESSER EXTENT BY CALCITONIN.... |
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Definition
| when blood calcium levels are high, paarfollicular cells of thryroid release calcitonin, then osteoblast deposit calcium salts which results in lower blood ca2+ levels |
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Term
| LEPTIN HAS ALSO BEEN SHOWN TO .... |
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Definition
| imfluence bone ensity by inhibiting osteoblasts |
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Term
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Definition
- calcium salts are not deposited
- cause: vitamin D deficiency or insufficint dietary calcium |
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Term
| EARLY DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF JOINTS |
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Definition
-embryonic skeleton ossified predictibly so fetal age is easily determined with sonograms and x-rays.
-at birth, most long bones are well ossified |
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Term
| LATE DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF BONES |
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Definition
- nearly all bones are completely ossified by age 25
- bone mass decreases with age beginning at the 4th decade.
- rate of loss is determined by genetics and enviornmental factors.
- in old age, bone resorption predominates |
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