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Definition
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Definition
| Homycomb of trabeculae, filled with yellow bone marrow. Internal portion |
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Definition
| Tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones. Composed of compact bone that surrounds the medullary cavity. Yellow bone marrow (fat) is contained in the medullary cavity. |
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Definition
| Expanded ends of long bones. Exterior is compact bone, and the interior is spongy bone. Joint surface is covered with articular (hyaline cartilage). Epiphyseal line (metaphysis) separates the diaphysis from the epiphyses. Remnant of epiphyseal plate hyaline cartilage that lengthens the bones during childhood |
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Definition
| Double-layered protective membrane of the bone. Anchoring point for tendons and ligaments. Outer fibrous layer is dense regular connective tissue. Inner osteogenic layer is composed of osteoblast and osteoclasts. Richly supplied with nerve fibers, blood, and lymphatic vessels which enter the bone via nutrient foramina. Secured to underlying bone by Sharpey's fibers |
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| Delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of the bone. |
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| Structure of short, irregular, and flat bones |
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Definition
| Thin plates of periosteum-covered compact bone on the outside with endosteum-covered spongy bone (diploe) on the inside. Have no diaphysis or epiphyses. Contain bone marrow between the traceculae |
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Term
| Location of Hematopoietic Tissue: Infants |
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Definition
| Found in the medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone |
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Term
| Location of Hematopoietic Tissue: Adults |
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Definition
| Found in the diploe (endosteum covered spongy bone) of flat bones, and the head of the femur and humerus |
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Definition
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Definition
| Weight-bearing, column like matrix tubes composed mainly of collagen |
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Term
| Haversian (central) Canal |
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Definition
| central channel containing blood vessels and nerves. Haversian runs vertically |
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Definition
| Perforating canals, channels lying at right angles to the central canal, connecting blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the haversian canal. Volkmann's run horizontally |
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Definition
| Mature bone cells, found between lamellar junctions |
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Definition
| Small cavities in the bone that contain osteocytes. Found between lamellar junctions |
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Definition
| Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal. Allow nutrients and waste to be transferred from cell to cell. Found between lamellar junctions. |
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Term
| Microscopic structure of spongy bone |
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Definition
| Appears to be unarranged. No osteons. Trabeculae arrange along lines of stress to help spongy bone resist stress |
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Term
| Microscopic structure of compact bone |
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Definition
| Haversian System or osteon, lamella, haversian canal, volkmann's canals, osteocytes, lacunae caliculi |
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Term
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Definition
| unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoprotiens, and collagen |
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Term
| Organic Chemical composition of bone |
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Definition
| Osteoblast, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts, Osteoid |
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Term
| Inorganic Chemical Composition of Bone |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Osteon. The structural unit of bone. |
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Term
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Definition
Mineral Salts.
Sixty-five percent of bone by mass. Mainly calcium phosphates. Responsible for bone hardness and it's resistance to compression. |
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Term
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Definition
| "middle" Cavity. Marrow cavity |
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Term
| Osteogenesis/Ossification |
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Definition
| Process of bone tissue formation. |
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Term
| Formation of the bony skeleton |
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Definition
| Begins at week 8 of embryo development |
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Term
| Intramembranous ossification |
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Definition
| Bone develops from a fibrous membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| Bones forms by replacing hyaline cartilage |
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Term
| Intramembranous Ossification |
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Definition
| Formation of most of the flat bones of the skull and clavicles. Fibrous connective tissue membranes are formed by mesenchymal cells |
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Term
| Intramembranous Ossification: Step 1 |
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Definition
| Ossification center appears in the fibrous connective tissue membrane. Selected mesenchymal cells cluster and differentiate into osteoblasts, forming an ossification center |
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Term
| Intramembranous Ossification: Step 2 |
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Definition
| Bone matrix (osteoid) is secreted within the fibrous membrane Osteoblasts begin to secrete osteoid, which is mineralized within a few days. Trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes |
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Term
| Intramembranous Ossification: Step 3 |
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Definition
| Woven bone and periosteum form. Accumulating osteoid is laid down between embryonic blood vessels, which form a random network. The result is a network of trabeculae instead of lamella. Vascularized mesenchyme condenses on the external face of the woven bone and becomes the periosteum |
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Term
| Intramembranous Ossification: Step 4 |
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Definition
| Bone collar of compact bone forms and the red marrow appears. Trabeculae just deep to the periosteum thicken, forming a woven bone collar that is later replaced with matrue lamellar bone. Spongy bone (diploe) consisting of distinct trabeculae, persists internally and its vascular tissue becomes red marrow |
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Term
| Endochondral Ossification |
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Definition
Begins in the second month of development.
Uses hyaline cartilage "bones" as models for bone construction. Requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior to ossification |
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Term
| Endochondral Ossification |
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Definition
| Forms essentially all bones below the base of the skull |
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Term
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Definition
| Collection of elements containing a nutrient artery and vein, lymphatics, nerve fibers, red marrow elements, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. Part of endochondral ossification. |
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Term
| Bone/Cartilage growth: Appositional |
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Definition
| Cells in the perichondrium secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage |
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Term
| Bone/Cartilage growth: Interstitial |
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Definition
| Lacunae-bound chondrocytes inside the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within. |
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Term
| Postnatal Bone Growth: Abbreviations |
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Definition
GTO: Growth zone, Transformation zone, Osteogenic Zone
QMCO: Quiescent zone, Mitosis zone, Calcification Zone, Ossification zone |
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Term
Functional Zones in long bone growth:
Growth Zone |
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Definition
| Cartilage cells closer to the diaphysis undergo mitosis, pushing the epihysis aways from diaphysis. |
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Term
Functional Zones in long bone growth:
Transformation Zone |
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Definition
| Older chondrocytes enlarge and die, matrix becomes calcified, matrix begins to deteriorate |
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Term
Functional Zones in long bone growth:
Osteogenic Zone |
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Definition
| New bone formation occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bone is resorbed and added by appositional growth. Adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts deposit and resorb bone a periosteal and endosteal surfaces |
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Term
Hormonal Regulation of Bone Growth:
Infancy and childhood |
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Definition
| Epiphyseal plate activity is stimulated by growth hormone |
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Term
| Hormonal Regulation of Bone Growth during youth: Puberty |
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Definition
| Testosterone and estrogens: Initially promote adolescent growth spurts, cause masculinization and feminzation of specific parts of the skeleton, later induce epiphyseal plate closure, ending longitudinal bone growth |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs where bone is injured of added strength is needed. Requires a diet rich in protein, vitamines C,D,A, calcium, phosphorus magnesium and manganese. Alkaline phosphate is essential for mineralization of bone. |
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Term
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Definition
Sites of new matrix deposition are revealed by the:
Osteiod Seam: Unmineralized band of bone matrix
Calcification front: Abrupt transition zone between the osteoid seam and the older mineralized bone |
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Term
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Definition
| Unmineralized band of bone matrix. Part of bone deposition. |
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Term
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Definition
| Abrupt transition zone between the osteoid seam and the older mineralized bone. Part of Bone Deposition |
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Term
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Definition
| Grooves formed by osteoclasts as they break down bone matrix |
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Term
| Importance of Ionic Calcium |
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Definition
Transmission of nerve impulses
Muscle contraction
Blood coagulation
Secretion by glands and nerve cells
Cell division |
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Term
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Definition
Hormonal mechanism maintains calcium homeostasis in the blood.
Mechanical and gravitational forces acting on the skeleton |
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Term
| Bone fracture: Classification |
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Definition
Position of the bone ends after fracture Completeness of the break
Orientation of the bone to the long axis
Skin penetration |
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