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| more than the normal number of cells |
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| abnormal decrease, too few |
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| the hard collection of fibrin, blood cells, and tissue debris that is the end result of hemostasis or the blood-clotting process |
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| when a liquid is converted to a gel or solid |
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| a general term indicating the presence of a disease affecting blood |
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| the process of forming erythrocytes in the red bone marrow |
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| a physician who specializes in treating diseases and conditions of the blood |
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| the collection of blood under the skin as the result of blood escaping into the tissue from damaged blood vessels; commonly referred to as a bruise |
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| to stop bleeding or the stagnation of blood flow through the tissues |
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| a transfusion of only the formed elements and without plasma |
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| refers to the mixture of both plasma and formed elements |
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| a large group of conditions characterized by a reduction in the number of red blood cells or the amount of hemoglobin in the blood; results in less oxygen reaching the tissues |
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| severe form of anemia that develops as a consequence of loss of functioning red bone marrow; results in a decrease in the number of all the formed elements; treatment may eventually require a bone marrow transplant |
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| condition in which antibodies in the mother's blood enter the fetus' blood and cause anemia, jaundice, edema, and enlargement of the liver and spleen; also called hemolytic disease of the newborn |
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| an anemia that develops as the result of the excessive loss of erythrocytes |
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| hemolytic disease of the newborn |
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| condition that may develop during pregnancy if the mother is Rh-negative, in which antibodies in the mother's blood enter the fetus' bloodstream, damaging fetal blood cells; results in anemia, jaundice, edema, and enlargement of the liver and spleen; also called erythroblastosis fetalis |
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| hereditary blood disease in which blood-clottiong time is prolonged; it is transmitted by a sex-linked trait from females to males; it appears almost exclusively in males |
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| condition of having too high a level of lipids such as cholesterol in the bloodstream; a risk factor for developing atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease |
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| anemia resulting from having insufficient hemoglobin in the erythrocytes; named because the hemoglobin molecule is responsible for the dark red color of the erythrocytes |
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| anemia that results from having insufficient iron to manufacture hemoglobin |
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| cancer of the WBC-forming red bone marrow; results in a large number of abnormal and immature WBCs circulating in the blood |
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| anemia associated with insufficient absorption of vitamin B12 by the digestive system; vitamin B12 is necessary for erythrocyte production |
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| production of too many red blood cells by the bone marrow; blood becomes too thick to easily flow through the blood vessels |
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| having bacteria in the bloodstream; commonly referred to as blood poisoning |
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| a genetic disorder in which erythrocytes take on an abnormal curve or "sickle" shape; these cells are fragile and are easily damaged, leading to a hemolytic anemia |
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| a genetic disorder in which the person is unable to make functioning hemoglobin, resulting in anemia |
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| test to measure the amount of time it takes for blood to coagulate |
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| blood culture and sensitivity (C&S) |
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| sample of blood is incubated in the laboratory to check for bacterial growth; if bacteria are present, they are identified and tested to determine which antibiotics they are sensitive to |
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| sample of bone marrow is removed by aspiration with a needle and examined for diseases such as leukemia or aplastic anemia |
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| complete blood count (CBC) |
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| blood test that consists of five tests: red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cell count (WBC), hemoglobin (Hgb), hematocrit (Hct), and white blood cell differential |
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| erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) |
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| blood test to determine the rate at which mature red blood cells settle out of the blood after the addition of an anticoagulant; this is an indicator of the presence of an inflammatory disease |
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| hematocrit (HCT, Hct, crit) |
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| blood test to measure the volume of red blood cells (erythrocytes) within the total volume of blood |
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| a blood test to measure the amount of hemoglobin present in a given volume of blood |
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| incision into a vein in order to remove blood for a diagnostic test; also called venipuncture |
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| blood test to determine the number of platelets in a given volume of blood |
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| prothrombin time (Pro time, PT) |
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| a measure of the blood's coagulation abilities by measuring how long it takes for a clot to form after prothrombin has been activated |
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| red blood cell count (RBC) |
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| blood test to determine the number of erythrocytes in a volume of blood; a decrease in red blood cells may indicate anemia; an increase may indicate polycythemia |
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| red blood cell morphology |
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| examination of a specimen of blood for abnormalities in the shape (morphology) of the erythrocytes; used to determine diseases like sickle cell anemia |
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| sequential multiple analyzer computer (SMAC) |
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| machine for doing multiple blood chemistry tests automatically |
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| white blood cell count (WBC) |
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| blood test to measure the number of leukocytes in a volume of blood; an increase may indicate the presence of infection or a disease such as leukemia; a decrease in WBCs may be caused by radiation therapy or chemotherapy |
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| white blood cell differential (diff) |
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| blood test to determine the number of each variety of leukocytes |
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| procedure for collecting and storing a patient's own blood several weeks prior to the actual need; it can then be used to replace blood lost during a surgical procedure |
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| artificial transfer of blood into the bloodstream |
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| patient receives red bone marrow from a donor after the patient's own bone marrow has been destroyed by radiation or chemotherapy |
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| replacement of blood by tranfusion of blood received from another person |
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| method of removing plasma from the body without depleting the formed elements; whole blood is removed and the cells and plasma are separated; the cells are returned to the patient along with a donor plasma transfusion |
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| prevents blood clot formation |
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| substance that prevents or stops hemorrhaging; a hemostatic agent |
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| interferes with the action of platelets; prolongs bleeding time; commonly referred to as blood thinners |
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| substance that increases the number of erythrocytes or the amount of hemoglobin in the blood |
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| stops the flow of blood; an antihemorrhagic |
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| able to dissoble existing blood clots |
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| acute lymphocytic leukemia |
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| acute myelogenous leukemia |
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| chronic lymphocytic leukemia |
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| chronic myelogenous leukemia |
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| erythrocyte sedimentation rate |
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| hemolytic disease of the newborn |
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| polymorphonuclear neutrophil |
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| sequential multiple analyzer computer |
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| inflammation of the adenoids |
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| inflammation lymph glands |
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| surgical fixation of the spleen |
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| inflammation of the tonsils |
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| an antigen that causes an allergic reaction |
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| a physician who specializes in testing for and treating allergies |
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| hypersensitivity to a common substance in the environment or to a medication |
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| severe, potentially life-threatening, allergic reaction to an antigen |
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| a disease that results from the body's immune system attacking its own cells as if they were pathogens; examples include systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis |
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| virus that is believed to be the cause of infectious mononucleosis |
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| appearance of wheals as part of an allergic reaction |
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| human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) |
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| virus that causes AIDS; also known as a retrovirus |
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| having an immune system that is unable to respond properly to pathogens |
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| antibodies secreted by the B cells; all antibodies are these; they assist in protecting the body and its surfaces from the invasion of bacteria |
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| a physician who specializes in treating infectious diseases and other disorders of the immune system |
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| the tisssues' response to injury from pathogens or physical agents; characterized by redness, pain, swelling, and feeling hot to touch |
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| edema appearing in the extremities due to an obstruction of the lymph flow through the lymphatic vessels |
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| infectious diseases that are associated with patients who have compromised immune systems and therefore a lowered resistance to infections and parasites; may be the results of HIV infection |
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| virus, such as HIV, in which the virus copies itself using the host's DNA |
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| the severe itching associated with hives, usually associated with food allergy, stress, or drug reactions |
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| acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) |
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| disease that involves a defect in the cell-mediated immunity system; a syndrome of opportunistic infections that occur in the final stages of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); this virus attacks T4 lymphocytes and destroys them, which reduces the person's ability to fight infection |
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| AIDS-related complex (ARC) |
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| early stage of AIDS; there is a positive test for the virus but only mild symptoms of weight loss, fatigue, skin rash, and anorexia |
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| life-threatening condition resulting from a severe allergic reaction; examples of instances that may trigger this reaction include bee stings, medications, or the ingestion of foods; circulatory and respiratory problems occur, including respiratory distress, hypotension, edema, tachycardia, and convulsions |
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| inflammation, obstruction, and destruction of the lymph vessels that result in enlarged tissues due to edema |
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| graft vs. host disease (GVHD) |
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| serious complication of bone marrow transplant; immune cells from the donor bone marrow attack the recipient's tissues |
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| cancer of the lymphatic cells found in concentration in the lymph nodes |
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| form of skin cancer frequently seen in patients with AIDS; it consists of brownish-purple papules that spread from the skin and metastasize to internal organs |
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| inflammation of the lymph nodes; referred to as swollen glands |
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| cancerous tumor of lymphatic tissue; most commonly occurs in lymph nodes, the spleen, or other body sites containing large amounts of lymphatic cells |
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| acute infectious disease with a large number of atypical lymphocytes; caused by the Epstein-Barr virus; abnormal liver function may occur |
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| non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) |
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| cancer of the lymphatic tissues other than Hodgkin's lymphoma |
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| infection of the tissues between the tonsils and the pharynx; also called a quinsy sore throat |
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| Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia |
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| pneumonia common in AIDS patients that is caused by infection with an opportunistic parasite |
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| disease of unknown cause that forms fibrous lesions; lesions commonly appear in the lymph nodes, liver, skin, lungs, spleen, eyes, and small bones of the hands and feet |
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| severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCIDS) |
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| disease seen in children born with a nonfunctioning immune system; often forced to live in sealed sterile rooms |
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| ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
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| a blood test for an antibody to the AIDS virus; a positive test means that the person has been exposed to the virus; there may be a false-positive reading and then the Western blot test would be used to verify the results |
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| x-ray taken of the lymph vessels after the injection of dye into the foot; the lymph flow through the chest is traced |
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| test for infectious mononucleosis |
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| form of allergy testing in which the body is exposed to an allergen through a light scratch in the skin |
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| test used as a backup to the ELISA blood test to detect the presence of the antibody to HIV (AIDS virus) in the blood |
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| exposure to a weakened pathogen that stimulates the immune response and antibody produciton in order to confer protection against the full-blown disease; also called a vaccination |
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| giving a patient an injection of immunoglobulins or antibodies in order to treat a disease; the antibodies may be produced by another person or animal, for example, antivenom for snake bites; more recent developments include treatments to boost the activity of the immune system, especially to treat cancer and AIDS |
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| excision of a lymph node; this usually done to test for malignancy |
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| exposure to a weakened pathogen that stimulates the immune response and antibody production in order to confer protection against the full-blown disease; also called immunization |
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| blocks the effects of histamine that has been released by the body during an allergic reaction |
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| reduces the body's inflammatory reaction |
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| weakens a viral infection in the body, often by interfering with the virus' ability to replicate |
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| a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that has very strong anti-inflammatory properties; it is particularly useful in treating autoimmune diseases |
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| blocks certain actions of the immune system; required to prevent rejection of a transplanted organ |
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| produces contraction of the smooth muscles in the walls of arteries; will raise blood pressure of a patient in anaphylactic shock |
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| acquired immunodeficiency syndrome |
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| type of T cell affected by HIV infection |
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| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
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| human immunodeficiency virus (causes AIDS) |
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| immunoglobulins (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM) |
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| Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia |
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| severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome |
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