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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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| What is potential energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 forms energy can take? |
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Definition
1.) mechanical
2.) electric current
3.) heat
4.) light |
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Term
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Definition
P - bitch at top of slide.
K - bitch actually sliding. |
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Term
| How is heat energy measured? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of heat required to raise the temp of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius |
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Term
| 1 kilocalorie = 1,000 ________ = 1 _________ (dietary) |
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Definition
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Term
| Energy flows into the biological world from the ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| How do photosynthetic organisms store the energy they receive from the sun? |
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Definition
| As potential energy in chemical bonds. |
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Term
| How can potential energy be transferred? |
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Definition
| By transferring electrons from one molecule to another. |
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Term
| What is oxidation? What is reduction? What is redox? |
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Definition
O I Loss
R I Gain
Redox = those two coupled together. |
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Term
| What is the first law of thermodynamics? |
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Definition
| Energy cannot be created or destroyed. Energy can only be converted from one form to another. Total amount of energy in the universe remains constant. |
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Term
| Why are energy transfers inefficient? |
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Definition
| Energy is "lost" as heat. |
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Term
| What is the second law of thermodynamics? |
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Definition
| Disorder is more likely than order. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disorder in the universe. |
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Term
| What does the 2nd law actually mean? |
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Definition
| Energy transformations proceed spontaneously to convert matter from more ordered (less stable) to less ordered (more stable) form |
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Term
| According to the 2nd law of thermodynamics, ________ is always increasing. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an endergonic reaction? |
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Definition
| A reaction requiring an input of energy. |
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Term
| What is an exergonic reaction? |
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Definition
| A reaction that releases free energy. |
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Term
| If looking at graphs, what does an exo/endo look like? |
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Definition
Endergonic has the line going above the zero line signifying energy must be used.
Exergonic has the line going below the zero line signifying that energy has been released. |
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Term
| What is activation energy? |
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Definition
| Extra energy required to destabilize existing bonds and initiate a chemical reaction. |
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Term
| What does an exergonic reaction rate depend on? |
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Definition
| The activation energy required. Larger activation energy goes slower vs smaller going faster. |
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Term
| How can rate be increased? (2 ways) |
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Definition
1.) Increasing energy of reacting molecules (heating)
2.) Lowering the activation energy (catalyst) |
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Term
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Definition
| Substances that influence chemical bonds in a way that lowers activation energy. |
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Term
| What does a catalyst NOT do? |
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Definition
1.) Violate laws of thermodynamics
- Endergonic rxn cannot be spontaneous
2.) Alter the proportion of reactant turned into product.
- Makes rxn faster, does not increase the amount made |
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Term
| What is the energy currency of the cell? |
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Definition
| ATP. Adenosine triphosphate. |
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Term
| What is the structure of ATP? |
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Definition
A ribose (5 carbon sugar)
Adenine
Three phosphates |
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Term
| Where is the energy stored in ATP? |
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Definition
| The bonds between the three phosphates. |
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Term
| Because phosphates are highly negative, what 3 things does this cause? |
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Definition
1.) They repel each other
2.) Much energy is required to bond them to each other
3.) Much energy is released when the bonds are broken between them |
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Term
| What does the structure become when ATP is broken down? Is this reaction reversible? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What breaks apart the bonds of the phosphate in ATP? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Molecules that catalyze reactions in living cells. |
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Term
| What are enzymes (mostly) structure-wise? |
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Definition
| Most are proteins, some are RNA |
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Term
| What is an enzymes function? |
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Definition
| Lower the activation energy required for a reaction. |
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Term
| Are enzymes changed or consumed by the reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do enzymes interact with? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A molecule that will undergo a reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Region of the enzyme that binds to the substrate |
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Term
| What does the binding of an enzyme to a substrate cause? |
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Definition
| The enzyme to change shape, producing a better INDUCED FIT between molecules. |
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Term
| Where are enzymes located in the cell? |
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Definition
| Suspended in the cytoplasm, attached to the cell membrane, or attached to organelles. |
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Term
| What is a multienzyme complex? |
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Definition
| Subunits work together to form a molecular machine. |
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Term
| What are the pro's of a multienzyme complex? |
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Definition
1.) Product can be delivered easily to the next enzyme
2.) Unwanted side reaction can be prevented
3.) All reactions can be controlled as a unit |
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Term
| What is an enzyme's effectiveness effected by? |
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Definition
| It's environment like concentrations of substrate and enzyme factors that can change an enzymes overall shape. |
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Term
| How does temperature effect enzyme activity? |
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Definition
| Enzyme activity can be increased by increasing the temperature to optimal level. Too high and they can denature. |
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Term
| What pH range to enzymes function best at? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Substance that binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity. |
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Term
| What is a competitive inhibitor? |
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Definition
| Competes with the substrate for the active site. |
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Term
| What is a noncompetitive inhibitor? |
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Definition
| Binds to enzyme at another site other than the active site thus changing the shape which makes the actual enzyme unable to bond. |
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Term
| Allosteric enzymes exists in _______ and ________ forms |
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Definition
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Term
| What do noncompetitive inhibitors bind to? |
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Definition
| Allosteric site which acts as the chemical on/off switch |
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Term
| What is an allosteric inhibitor? |
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Definition
| Binds to allosteric site and reduces enzyme activity. |
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Term
| What is an allosteric activator? |
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Definition
| Binds to allosteric site and increases enzyme activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Usually metal ions, found in the active site participating in catalysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nonprotein organic molecule, often used as an electron donor or acceptor in redox reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| Total of all chemical reactions carried out by an organism, |
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Term
| What is anabolic vs catabolic? |
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Definition
Ana - Use energy to build up molecules
Cat - Harvest energy by breaking down molecules |
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Term
| In a biochemical pathway, the ______ of one reaction is the ________ for the next. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is feedback inhibition? |
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Definition
| End-product pathway binds to an allosteric site on an enzyme that catalyses first reaction in pathway. Shuts it down so raw materials and energy aren't wasted. |
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