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| A sticky layer that surrounds the cell wall of some prokaryotes, protecting the cell surface and sometimes helping to glue the cell to surfaces. |
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| In plants, a strong and durable matrix often deposited in several laminated layers for cell protection and support. |
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| A membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development. |
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| An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water. |
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| The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, it exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope. |
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| A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. |
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| A short cellular appendage containing microtubules. They can be used for both sensory and locomotion. |
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| A membranous sac that helps move excess water out of certain freshwater protists. |
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| The contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus and bounded by the plasma membrane. |
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| The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm. |
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| A microscope that uses magnets to focus an electron beam on or through a specimen, resulting in resolving power a thousandfold greater than that of a light microscope. |
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| The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles |
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| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
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Definition
| An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions. |
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| A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. |
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| extracellular matrix (ECM) |
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| The substance in which animal cells are embedded, consisting of protein and polysaccharides synthesized and secreted by cells. |
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| An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesize some products |
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| An optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens. |
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| A membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists. |
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| An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration. |
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| The double membrane in a eukaryotic cell that encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm. |
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| A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell. |
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| A specialized structure in the nucleus, consisting of chromatin regions containing ribosomal RNA genes along with ribosomal proteins imported from the cytoplasmic site of rRNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly. |
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| The chromosome-containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell |
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| Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. |
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| An organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen (H2) from various substrates to oxygen (O2), producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) |
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| A type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances are taken up by a cell. |
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| The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cell’s chemical composition. |
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| One of a family of closely related organelles that includes chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts |
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| A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. |
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| The most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins makes up ribosomes. |
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| A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm |
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| That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes. |
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| scanning electron microscope (SEM) |
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Definition
| A microscope that uses an electron beam to scan the surface of a sample to study details of its topography. |
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Definition
| That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes. |
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| transmission electron microscope (TEM) |
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| A microscope that passes an electron beam through very thin sections and is primarily used to study the internal ultrastructure of cells. |
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| A tiny membranous sac in a cell’s cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell. |
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| A membrane-bounded vesicle whose function varies in different kinds of cells. |
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| A sac made of membrane in the cytoplasm. |
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