Term
| Anxiety disorders are defined in terms of a preoccupation with, or persistent avoidance of, thoughts or situations that provoke _____ or anxiety. _____ involves a diffuse emotional reaction that is associated with the anticipation of future problems and is out of proportion to threats from the environment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A _____ is a sudden, overwhelming experience of terror or fright. Panic attacks are defined largely in terms of a list of somatic sensations, ranging from heart palpitations, sweating, and trembling to nausea, dizziness, and chills. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ are persistent and irrational narrowly defined fears that are associated with avoidance of a specific object or situation. The most complex type of phobic disorder is _____, which is usually described as fear of public spaces. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DSM-5 recognizes several specific subtypes of anxiety disorders: _____, specific phobia, social anxiety, agoraphobia, and generalized anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorders are the most common type of mental disorder. Specific phobias have a one-year prevalence of about 9 percent among adults, followed by social anxiety disorder (7 percent), generalized anxiety disorder (3 percent), and panic disorder (3 percent). Severe life events, particularly those involving danger, insecurity, or family conflict, can lead to the development of anxiety symptoms. Various kinds of childhood adversity, including parental neglect and abuse, increase a person's risk for the later onset of an anxiety disorder. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The learning model explained the development of phobic disorders in terms of classical conditioning. A modified learning view, known as the _____, is based on recognition that there are biological constraints in this process. We may be prepared to develop intense, persistent fears only to a select set of objects or situations. Cognitive theorists have argued that panic disorder is caused by the catastrophic misinterpretation of bodily sensations or perceived threat. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| People who are prone to excessive _____ are usually sensitive to cues that signal the existence of future threats. The recognition of danger cues triggers a maladaptive, self-perpetuating cycle of cognitive processes that can quickly spin out of control. Twin studies indicate that genetic factors are involved in the etiology of several types of anxiety disorders, including panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and social anxiety disorder. The influence of environmental events seems to be greatest in specific phobias. Studies of fear conditioning in animals have identified specific pathways in the brain that are responsible for detecting and organizing a response to danger. The amygdala plays a central role in these circuits. Several other areas of the brain are also associated with anxiety and the symptoms of anxiety disorders. Serotonin, norepinephrine, GABA, and dopamine are some of the neurotransmitters that are involved in the production of panic attacks. Many interacting neurotransmitter systems play a role in the etiology of anxiety disorders, and they are largely the same ones that are also involved in major depression. Several psychological approaches to the treatment of anxiety disorders have been shown to be effective. These include the use of exposure and flooding in the treatment of phobic disorders, prolonged exposure and response prevention in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorders, and cognitive therapy in the treatment of panic disorder and GAD. Various types of medication are also effective treatments for anxiety disorders. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ are repetitive, unwanted, intrusive cognitive events that may take the form of thoughts or images or urges. They intrude suddenly into consciousness and lead to an increase in subjective anxiety. _____ are repetitive behaviors that reduce the anxiety associated with obsessions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an exaggerated fear of being in situations from which escape might be difficult. Literally means "fear of the marketplace" and is sometimes described as fear of public spaces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a diffuse emotional reaction that is out of proportion to threats from the environment. Rather than being directed toward the person's present problems, anxiety is typically associated with the anticipation of future problems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| repetitive, ritualistic behaviors that are aimed at the reduction of anxiety and distress or the prevention of some dreaded event. Compulsions are considered by the person to be senseless or irrational. The person feels compelled to perform the compulsion; he or she attempts to resist but cannot |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an unpleasant emotional reaction experienced in the face of real, immediate danger. It builds quickly in intensity and helps to organize the person's responses to threats from the environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one of the anxiety disorders, which is characterized by excessive and uncontrollable worry about a number of events or activities (such as work or school performance) and associated with symptoms of arousal (such as restlessness, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance) |
|
Definition
| generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) |
|
|
Term
| repetitive, unwanted, intrusive cognitive events that may take the form of thoughts, images, or impulses. Obsessions intrude suddenly into consciousness and lead to an increase in subjective anxiety |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a sudden, overwhelming experience of terror or fright. While anxiety involves a blend of several negative emotions, panic is more focused |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a form of anxiety disorder in which a person experiences recurrent, unexpected panic attacks. At least one of the attacks must have been followed by a period of one month or more in which the person has either persistent concern about having additional attacks, worry about the implications of the attack or its consequences, or a significant change in behavior related to the attacks. Panic disorder is divided into two subtypes, depending on the presence or absence of agoraphobia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| persistent and irrational narrowly defined fears that are associated with a specific object or situation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the notion that organisms are biologically prepared, on the basis of neural pathways in their central nervous systems, to learn certain types of associations (also known as biological constraints on learning) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a form of anxiety disorder in which the person is persistently fearful of social situations that might expose him or her to scrutiny by others, such as fear of public speaking |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| marked and persistent fear of clearly apparent, circumscribed objects or situations, such as snakes, spiders, heights, or small enclosed spaces. Exposure to the stimulus leads to an immediate increase in anxiety, and the phobic stimulus is avoided (or endured with great discomfort) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a relatively uncontrollable sequence of negative, emotional thoughts and images that are concerned with possible future threats or danger |
|
Definition
|
|
