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| The totality of an organism’s chemical process, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways. |
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| A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds. |
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| Metabolic pathways that consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones. |
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| The capacity to do work by moving matter against an opposing force |
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| The energy of motion, which is directly related to the speed of that motion. Moving matter does work by transferring some of its kinetic energy to other matter. |
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| The energy stored by matter as a result of its position or special arrangement. |
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| The physical theory of heat and energy distribution in the universe. |
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| First Law of Thermodynamics |
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| Energy can not be created or destroyed. |
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| Second Law of Thermodynamics |
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| Every energy transformation increases the entropy of the Universe. |
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| A quantitative measure of disorder or randomness, symbolized by S. |
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| A quantity of energy that interrelates entropy (S) and the system’s total energy (H); symbolized by G. The change in free energy of a system is calculated by the equation G = (change in heat) – (absolute temperature)(change in Entropy). |
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| A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy. |
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| A nonspontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings. |
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| The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one. |
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| ATP(adenosine triphosphate) |
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Definition
| consists of the nitrogenous base adenine bonded to ribose, a five carbon sugar. |
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| is a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. |
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| Free Energy of Activation(Activation Energy) |
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Definition
| The initial investment of energy for starting a reaction—the energy required to break bonds in the reactant molecules. |
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| The reactant an enzyme acts on. |
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| The region where the enzyme bonds to the substrate |
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| The change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate, induced by entry of the substrate. |
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| Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. Cofactors can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis. |
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| An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in important metabolic reactions. |
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| A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site of the substrate whose structure it mimics. |
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| A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to the location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate. |
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| A specific receptor site on an enzyme molecule remote from the active site. Molecules bind to the allosteric site and change the shape of the active site, making it either more or less receptive. |
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| An interaction of the constituent subunits of a protein causing a conformational change in one subunit to be transmitted to all the others. |
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| A method of metabolic control in which the end-product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway. |
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