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| in economic anthropology argue that the models of (neoclassical) economic theory can be applied to all human societies. It asserts that certain abstract properties are common to all economic action. |
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| in economic anthropology take the stance that the models of neoclassical economics properly apply only to capitalist economies. In the substantivist this theory economics is properly concerned with socially and culturally specific ways in which humans produce and distribute the material goods that sustain them. |
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| “The exchange of goods and services, of approximately equal value, between two parties” (Haviland). Tends to be the giving of gifts. This is not barter. |
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| “A form of exchange in which goods flow into a central place, where they are sorted, counted, and reallocated” (Haviland). Need a surplus for this to happen. |
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| Also called slash-and-burn horticulture. This is a type of farming where land is prepared for a garden by selecting an appropriate piece of land, cutting down or pulling up all of the existing vegetation (slashing), and then burning this vegetation so that the ash will be fertilizer for the garden. |
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| A peasant is an agricultural worker who generally owns or rents only a small plot of ground. [Note, when a peasant owns land, he generally produces very little surplus so that most of what he grows is used to feed himself and his family. When the land Is rented, a portion of the crop is given to the land owner.] |
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| A society which depends on large scale irrigation. Originally the assumption was that this type of society could only exist if there was a strong central government. |
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| “A mode of life based on the shifting of populations to move with livestock (in accordance with needs for pasturage). (Keesing, 1971:515) [While nomadism is cyclical and the pasturage generally follows a yearly (seasonal) pattern, these peoples move not only the herds, but their settlements as well.] |
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| A form of pastoralism or nomadism organized around the migration of livestock between mountain pastures in warm seasos and lower altitudes the rest of the year. Usually people who practice transhumance have a permanent settlement. [NOTE: movement which is regular, seasonal, and those not watching the herds live in a permanent settlement.] |
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| “The buying and selling of goods and services, with prices set by powers of supply and demand” |
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