Term
| Functions of Bone and Skeletal System |
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Definition
Support
Protection
Assistance in Movement
Mineral Homeostasis
Blood Cell Production
Triglyceride Storage |
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Term
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Definition
Structural framework of the body
Supports soft tissues
Provides attachment points for tendons of skeletal muscle |
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Definition
Protects important internal organs
Cranium protects brain
Vertebrae protects spinal cord
Ribs protect lungs and heart |
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Definition
Skeletal muscle attaches to bone
Skeletal muscle contraction pulls on bone producing movement |
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Definition
Bone tissue stores several minerals
Acts to serve as a reservoir of critical minerals
Calcium (99% of body’s content)
Phosphorus |
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Term
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Definition
Red bone marrow produces (Hemopoiesis)
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets |
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Definition
Yellow bone marrow
Triglycerides stored in adipose cells
Serves as a potential chemical energy reserve |
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Term
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Definition
Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Metaphysis
Epiphyseal growth plate
Articular cartilage
Perforating fibers
Periosteum
Medullary cavity
Endosteum |
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Term
| Extracellular matrix surrounding widely separated cells |
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Definition
25% water
25% collagen fibers
50% crystallized mineral salts |
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Term
| The most abundant mineral salt is |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is initiated by bone-building cells called osteoblasts |
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Term
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Definition
| are deposited and crystalize in the framework formed by the collagen fibers of the extracellular matrix |
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Term
| Bone’s flexibility depends on |
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Definition
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Term
| Four types of cells are present in bone tissue |
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Definition
Osteogenic cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes |
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Term
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Definition
Mature bone cells
Exchange nutrients and wastes with the blood |
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Term
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Definition
Bone-building cells
Synthesize extracellular matrix of bone tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| Undergo cell division; the resulting cells develop into osteoblasts |
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Term
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Definition
Release enzymes that digest the mineral components of bone matrix (resorption)
Regulate blood calcium level |
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Term
| Bone may be categorized as: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Resists the stresses produced by weight and movement |
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Term
| Components of compact bone are arranged into repeating structural units called |
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Definition
| osteons or Haversian systems |
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Term
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Definition
| a central (Haversian) canal with concentrically arranged lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, and canaliculi |
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Term
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Definition
| Central canals run longitudinally through bone |
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Term
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Definition
| Rings of calcified matrix (like the rings of a tree trunk) |
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Term
| Between the lamellae are small spaces called______, Which Contain, ________ |
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Definition
| lacunae which contain osteocytes |
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Term
| Radiating in all directions from the lacunae are |
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Definition
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Term
| The organization of osteons changes in response to |
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Definition
| to the physical demands placed on the skeleton |
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Term
| Canaliculi connect lacunae, forming a |
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Definition
| system of interconnected canals |
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Definition
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Definition
| Lamellae are arranged in a lattice of thin columns |
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Term
| Spaces between the trabeculae make bones |
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Definition
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Term
| __________of spongy bone support and protect the red bone marrow |
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Definition
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Term
| Hemopoiesis (blood cell production) occurs in |
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Definition
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Term
| Within each trabecula are lacunae that contain |
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Definition
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Term
| Osteocytes are nourished from the blood circulating through the |
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Definition
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Term
| Interior bone tissue is made up primarily of |
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Definition
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Term
| The trabeculae of spongy bone are oriented |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| accompanied by nerves supply the periosteum and compact bone |
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Definition
| carry blood away from long bones |
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Term
| The ___ is rich in sensory nerves sensitive to tearing or tension |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which bone forms |
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Term
| Bone formation occurs in four situations: |
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Definition
1) Formation of bone in an embryo
2) Growth of bones until adulthood
3) Remodeling of bone
4) Repair of fractures |
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Term
| Formation of Bone in an Embryo |
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Definition
| Cartilage formation and ossification occurs during the sixth week of embryonic development |
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Term
| Bone formation follows one of two patterns |
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Definition
Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossification |
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Term
| Intramembranous ossification |
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Definition
Flat bones of the skull and mandible are formed in this way
“Soft spots” that help the fetal skull pass through the birth canal later become ossified forming the skull |
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Term
| Intramembranous ossification |
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Definition
Flat bones of the skull and mandible are formed in this way
“Soft spots” that help the fetal skull pass through the birth canal later become ossified forming the skull |
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Term
| Endochondral ossification |
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Definition
The replacement of cartilage by bone
Most bones of the body are formed in this way including long bones |
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Term
| The growth in length of long bones involves two major events: |
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Definition
1) Growth of cartilage on the epiphyseal plate
2) Replacement of cartilage by bone tissue in the epiphyseal plate |
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Term
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Definition
| Bones grow in thickness at the outer surface |
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Term
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Definition
Bone forms before birth and continually renews itself
The ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue
Old bone is continually destroyed and new bone is formed in its place throughout an individual’s life |
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Term
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Definition
Bone forms before birth and continually renews itself
The ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue
Old bone is continually destroyed and new bone is formed in its place throughout an individual’s life |
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Term
| A balance must exist between |
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Definition
| the actions of osteoclasts and osteoblasts |
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Term
| If too much new tissue is formed, the bones become |
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Definition
| abnormally thick and heavy |
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Term
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Definition
| Excessive loss of calcium weakens the bones |
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Term
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Definition
| bones may become too flexible |
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Term
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Definition
| Large amounts of calcium and phosphorus and smaller amounts of magnesium, fluoride, and manganese are required for bone growth and remodeling |
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Term
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Definition
Vitamin A stimulates activity of osteoblasts
Vitamin C is needed for synthesis of collagen
Vitamin D helps build bone by increasing the absorption of calcium from foods in the gastrointestinal tract into the blood
Vitamins K and B12 are also needed for synthesis of bone proteins |
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Term
| Thyroid hormones also promote bone growth by stimulating |
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Definition
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Term
| Insulin promotes bone growth by increasing the synthesis of |
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Definition
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Term
| During childhood, the hormones most important to bone growth are |
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Definition
| growth factors (IGFs), produced by the liver |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulate osteoblasts, promote cell division at the epiphyseal plate, and enhance protein synthesis |
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Term
| Estrogen and testosterone cause a dramatic effect on bone growth:Such as.... |
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Definition
Cause of the sudden “growth spurt” that occurs during the teenage year
Promote changes in females, such as widening of the pelvis
Shut down growth at epiphyseal plates |
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Term
| Parathyroid hormone, calcitriol, and calcitonin |
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Definition
| are other hormones that can affect bone remodeling |
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Term
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Definition
Open (compound) fracture
Closed (simple) fracture
Comminuted fracture
Greenstick fracture
Impacted fracture
Pott’s fracture
Colles’ fracture
Stress fracture |
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Term
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Definition
| A series of microscopic fissures in bone |
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Term
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Definition
| A fracture of the radius in which the distal fragment is displaced |
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Term
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Definition
| Fracture of the fibula, with injury of the tibial articulation |
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Term
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Definition
| One end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into another |
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Term
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Definition
| A partial fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends |
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Term
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Definition
| The bone is splintered, crushed, or broken into pieces |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin |
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Term
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Definition
| is the body’s major calcium reservoir |
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Term
| Levels of calcium in the blood are maintained by controlling the rates of |
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Definition
| of calcium resorption from bone into blood and of calcium deposition from blood into bone |
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Term
| Both nerve and muscle cells depend on |
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Definition
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Term
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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Definition
| regulates Ca2+ exchange between blood and bone tissue |
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Term
| PTH increases the number and activity of |
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Definition
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Term
| PTH acts on the kidneys to |
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Definition
| decrease loss of Ca2+ in the urine |
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Term
| PTH stimulates formation of |
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Definition
| calcitriol a hormone that promotes absorption of calcium from foods in the gastrointestinal tract |
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Term
| The thyroid gland secretes |
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Definition
| calcitonin (CT) which inhibits activity of osteoclasts |
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Term
| Bone tissue alters its strength in response to |
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Definition
| changes in mechanical stress |
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Term
| Under stress, bone tissue becomes stronger through deposition of mineral salts and production of collagen fibers by |
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Definition
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Term
| Unstressed bones diminishes because of |
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Definition
| the loss of bone minerals and decreased numbers of collagen fibers |
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Term
| The main mechanical stresses on bone are those that result from |
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Definition
| the pull of skeletal muscles and the pull of gravity |
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Term
| Weight-bearing activities help |
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Definition
| build and retain bone mass |
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Term
| The level of sex hormones diminishes during |
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Definition
| middle age, especially in women after menopause |
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Term
| Female bones generally are |
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Definition
| smaller and less massive than males |
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Term
| Loss of bone mass in old age has a greater adverse effect in |
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Definition
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Term
| There are two principal effects of aging on bone tissue: |
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Definition
Loss of bone mass
Brittleness |
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Term
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Definition
Results from the loss of calcium from bone matrix
The loss of calcium from bones is one of the symptoms in osteoporosis |
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Term
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Definition
Results from a decreased rate of protein synthesis
Collagen fibers gives bone its tensile strength
The loss of tensile strength causes the bones to become very brittle and susceptible to fracture |
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