Term
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Definition
| a cell's blueprints; they contain the information to build the cells and cell products |
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Term
| The genes of a cell are usually stored in ___________________ that are kept in the nucleus. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cell division is also called ______________. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when one cell divides to produce two new cells |
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Term
| A cell goes thru __________ stages to prepare and finally divide into 2 new cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 stages of cell division |
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Definition
| 1. interphase 2. mitosis 3. cytokinesis |
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Term
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Definition
| the first stage that the genes are copied |
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Term
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Definition
| The phase of a cell's life cycle before cell division. Genes are copied during this period. |
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Term
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Definition
| two identical strands of duplicated genes of a chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| the equal distribution of the parent cell genes between two new daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
| The duplication and separation of a cell's chromosomes; usually followed by cytokinesis |
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Term
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Definition
| prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telephase |
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Term
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Definition
| * the membrane around the nucleus disappears * the chromosomes begin to coil up * the sister chromatids are attached at one point & often appear X shaped by the end of prophase * a spindle of fibers form in the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| *all of the chromosomes are lined up at the center of the spindle |
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Term
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Definition
| * Each pair of sister chromatids of one X-shaped chromosome separates into two L-shaped chromosomes *the chromosomes move along the spindle fibers to opposite ends of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| * the new chromosomes reach the end of the spindle and begin to uncoil * as they uncoil, the spindle disappears and the nuclear membranes form around each group of chromosomes resulting in two new nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| the final stage of cell division; this process provides each daughter cell with some cytoplasm and organelles; the parent cell pinches in between the two nuclei until the cytoplasm divides and the two new cells are formed |
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Term
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Definition
| The division of the cytoplasm during the process of cell division |
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Term
| The purpose of _______________ is to ensure that each new daughter cell has genes identical to those in the parent cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ___________ is a unicellular protozoan that reproduces asexually. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The production of a new organism without the joining of gametes; reproduction that has taken place by mitoic cell division |
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Term
| Yeast can reproduce ______________. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Asexual reproduction in which a portion of the parent separates to form a new organism; ex. yeast |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the process of regrowing missing body parts; this process takes place thru cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| A flatworm can grow a new head or tail, a lizard can grow a new tail, a lobster can grow a new pincer, a male deer can regrow antlers |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell surrounded by a protective covering; a method of asexual reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| A cell with hard protective covering; under favorable conditions it can produce a new organism |
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Term
| Bread mold uses ___________ to reproduce asexually. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when two organisms each give a complete copy of their genes to form a new organism |
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Term
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Definition
| The joining of haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote which develops into a new individual |
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Term
| Sexual reproduction is produced thru a process called ______________. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| *the genetic material is doubled *the two daughter cells separate the genes into single copies *the cytoplasm is divided as two more daughter cells are formed *when __________ is finished there are 4 new daughter cells each with just one copy of the genes |
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Term
| List the three stages of cell division in proper order |
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Definition
| 1. Interphase 2. Mitosis 3. Cytokinesis |
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Term
| List the 4 phases of Mitosis in proper order |
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Definition
| 1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telephase |
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Term
| Name the process in which the cell's cytoplasm is divided. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The process where by one diploid cell forms haploid cells |
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Term
| Does regeneration always result in the formation of a new organism? |
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Definition
| No, it can be a method of repair or placement |
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Term
| Define spore. Give an example of an organism that forms spores. |
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Definition
| A spore is a cell surrounded by a protective covering ex. Bread Mold |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How do mitosis and cytokinesis differ? |
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Definition
| * Mitosis is the equal distribution of the parent cell's genes between the two new daughter cells. It provides each new cell with a complete set of all of the genes * Cytokinseis is the final stage of cell division. This process provides each daughter cell with some cytoplasm and some organelles. The parent cell pinches inbetween the two nuclei until the cytoplasm divides and two new cells are formed. It is unimportant whether one new cell gets slightly more organelles or cytoplasm than the other. |
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Term
| In which phase of mitosis, does each X-shaped chromosome separate into L-shaped chromosomes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of asexual reproduction occurs in yeast formation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What characteristic of some spores allows them to survive in unfavorable conditions? |
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Definition
| There protective covering |
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Term
| What type of reproduction involves meiosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the main goal of mitosis? |
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Definition
| Is to ensure that each new daughter cell has genes identical to those in the parent cell. |
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Term
| How do asexual and sexual reproduction differ? |
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Definition
| * Sexual reproduction - genetic material is doubled and daughter cells (2) are made with 2 copies of each gene * Asexual reproduction - genetic material is doubled and at the first division daughter cells (2) with two copies of each gene are produced then at the second division daughter cells iwth only one copy of each gene - total of 4 |
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Term
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Definition
| amino acids that combine to form large complicated molecules of various sizes and shapes |
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Term
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Definition
| enzymes, antibodies and some hormones |
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Term
| Only about 20 different amino acids are used in ____________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Insulin is made up of ___ amino acids. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a disease that results when hemoglobin is not formed properly; sickle shaped/crescent shaped cells not passing thru easily clumping |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| DNA is made up of units called ________________. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| instructions for making proteins; words |
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Term
| During reproduction, a complete copy is made of all the _________ and is given to each new organism. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Worked out a model for the structure of DNA |
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Definition
| James D. Watson and Francis H. C. Crick |
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Term
| 4 kinds of nucleotides in DNA each containing _______, ________ and a ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 base-types in a nucleotides |
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Definition
| * adenine *thymine *cytosine *guanine |
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Term
| In DNA, the nucleotides are arranged so that the ______ & the ________ form the sides of the ladder and the ________ form the rungs. |
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Definition
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Term
| Each rung of the ladder is made up of ______ bases. |
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Definition
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Term
| Adenine is paired up with __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cytocine pairs up with _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Genes are _______________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The two nucleotide bases of each ladder rung are held together by _____________ that can be broken by special enzymes. |
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Definition
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Term
| When the chemical bonds are broken on the ladder, the enzyme __________ the DNA into two halves. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which one DNA molecule forms two DNA molecules |
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Term
| Inside each cell there are free nucleotides in the nucleus, _________ help these free nucleotides line up with the unzipped half DNA molecules |
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Definition
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Term
| The DNA in the nucleus makes copies of specific genes found in the DNA and sends it to the _________ where it is used by the cell to make or repair or produce substances to be released from the cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| The messages in the _______ determine the characteristics of the cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA contains it's genetic information in a _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The DNA code is _______________________. |
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Definition
| the arrangements of the bases in the DNA molecule |
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Term
| Each codon (letter) is made up of 3 _________. When decoded these _________ cause specific _______ to be made in a cell. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| When a cell needs a certain protein, the section of DNA code (gene) for that protein makes ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| RNA has only a ____________ of nucleotides. It also differs in its _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| In RNA, the base of thymine is replaced by __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| To form RNA a short section of _______ becomes unzipped. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a copy of the DNA's coded message; mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of making a mRNA molecule |
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Term
| During __________, a working copy of the DNA's code is made. |
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Definition
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Term
| After mRNA is made in the _______, it carries a working copy of DNA's coded message to a ________ in the cytoplasm. The _______ is responsible for reading the code for making a protein. |
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Definition
| nucleus, ribosome, ribosome |
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Term
| The enzymes necessary to put amino acids together to make proteins are in the __________. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the manufacturing of proteins inside a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| another type of RNA involved in protein synthesis; tRNA |
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Term
| Within one cell there are over _____ different kids of tRNA molecules each with a different arrangement of _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| tRNA attaches to a different __________ in the cytoplasm. |
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Definition
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Term
| The various tRNA molecules carry amino acids to the _______ and ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Each group of 3 mRNA bases is called a ________ and codes for a specific amino acid. |
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Definition
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Term
| When a tRNA molecule passes near the ribosome, _______________ with the codon of the mRNA in the ribosome. When these two RNA molecules line up, the amino acid attached to the tRNA is put into the proper place to become part of the chain of amino acids being made. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 4 bases that make up DNA molecules. |
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Definition
| Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine |
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Term
| Name the process in which DNA is duplicated. |
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Definition
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Term
| What organelle helps read the code for making proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is a change in DNA called? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many different kinds of nucleotides are found in DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three parts of a nucleotide? |
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Definition
| sugar, phosphate & a base |
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Term
| List 2 ways in which RNA structure differs from the structure of DNA. |
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Definition
| In RNA the base thymine is replaced by uracil but in DNA it has thymine |
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Term
| Of what kind of molecules are proteins made? |
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Definition
| not sure????? 3 bases or amino acids, enzymes????? |
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Term
| How are replication and transcription similar? |
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Definition
| *replication is the process by which one DNA molecule forms two DNA molecules * transcription is the process by making messenger RNA molecule |
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Term
| Which of the following is not one of the three stages of cell division? A. interphase B. prophase C. mitosis D. cytokinesis |
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Definition
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Term
| List the phases of mitosis in order. |
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Definition
| prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase |
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Term
Chromosomes are copied during...
A. cytokinesis B. prophase C. metaphase D. interphase |
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Definition
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Term
| Which process is used primarily to replace missing parts? |
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Definition
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Term
| During mitoic cellular division each of the daughter cells receive only a single copy of the mother cells chromosomes. T or F |
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Definition
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Term
| A spore is a product of meiosis. T or F |
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Definition
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Term
DNA is made of nucleotides. Nucleotides are made of all of the following except...
A. sugar B. phosphate C. amino acid D. base |
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Definition
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Term
| This process that DNA uses to make a new DNA copy is called ________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| List the bases that are in DNA. |
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Definition
| Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine & Guanine |
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Term
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Definition
| Adenine, Uracil , Cytosene & Guanine |
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Term
| RNA is made from DNA in a process called ________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Proteins are manufactures in what cytoplasmic organelle? |
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Definition
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Term
| List 2 types of RNA molecules. Underline the one that carries the DNA code. |
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Definition
| transfer RNA (tRNA) & messenger RNA (mRNA) |
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