Term
Flow of Energy
Thermodynamics |
|
Definition
| The Branch of chemistry concerned with energy changes |
|
|
Term
| What is the most convenient way of measuring energy? |
|
Definition
| Heat in the form of a calorie |
|
|
Term
| How does energy flow into the biological world? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Photosynthetic organisms capture energy from the sun and store it as 1)_________ energy in 2)___________ bonds. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Redox Reactions
Oxidation |
|
Definition
| Atom or molecule loses an electron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Atom or molecule gains an electron
- Higher level of energy than oxidized form
|
|
|
Term
| Oxidation-reduction reactions (redox) |
|
Definition
| Reactions are always paired |
|
|
Term
| First law of thermodynamics |
|
Definition
- Energy cannot be created or destroyed
- Can only change from one form to another
- Total amount of energy in the universe remains constant
- During each conversion, some energy is lost as heat
|
|
|
Term
| Second Law of thermodynamics |
|
Definition
- Entropy (disorder) is continuously increasing
- Energy transformations proceed spontaneously to convert matter from a more ordered/less stable form to a less ordered/more stable form
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Extra energy required to destabilize existing bonds and initiate a chemical reaction
- Exergonic reaction's rate depends on the activation energy required (Larger activation energy proceeds more slowly)
- Rate can be increased 2 ways (1. Increasing energy of reacting molecules (heating) and 2. Lowering activation energy
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Substances that influence chemical bonds in a way that lowers activation energy
- Cannot violate laws of thermodynamics (cannot make an endergonic reaction spontaneous)
- Do not alter the proportion of reactant turned into product
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the chief "currency" that all cells use?
million dollar bill |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ribose (5 carbon sugar)
Adenine
Chain of 3 phosphates
|
|
|
Term
| The chain of 3 phosphates in the composition of ATP has what important characteristics? |
|
Definition
- key to energy storage
- bonds are unstable
- ADP - 2 phosphates
- AMP - 1 phosphate - lowest energy form
|
|
|
Term
| ____ _________ drives endergonic reactions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the opposite of hydrolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is ATP suitable for long term energy? |
|
Definition
| No. Fats and carbohydrates are better for long term. Cells only store a few seconds worth of ATP |
|
|
Term
| Most enzymes are ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ of enzyme stabilizes a temporary association between substrates. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False. An enzyme is not changed or consumed in a reaction |
|
Definition
| True. An enzyme is not changed or consumed in a reaction |
|
|
Term
| What is carbonic anhydrase in relation to Enzymes? |
|
Definition
- 200 molecules of carbonic acid per hour made without enzyme
- 600,000 molecules formed per second with enzyme
|
|
|
Term
- Pockets or clefts for substrate binding
- Forms enzyme-substare complex
- Precise fit of substrate into active site
- Applies stress to distort particular bond to lower activation energy
|
|
Definition
| Active Site Charactieristics |
|
|
Term
| Sucrose(the substrate) is made up of what? |
|
Definition
| Glucose and fructose bonded together. |
|
|
Term
| What does the substrate bind to when forming an enzyme-substrate complex? |
|
Definition
| The substrate binds to the active site. |
|
|
Term
True or False
The binding of the substrate and enzyme places stress on the glucose-fructose bond, and the bond breaks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The products: ____________ and _____________ are released allowing the enzyme to bind to other substrates. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are enzymes ever suspended in the cytoplasm or attached to cell membranes and organelles? |
|
Definition
| Yes, enzymes are suspended and attached. |
|
|
Term
| What is a multi-enzyme complex? |
|
Definition
Subunits that work together to form molecular machine
-Product can be delivered easily to next enzyme
-Unwanted side reactions prevented
-All reactions controlled as a unit. |
|
|
Term
| What does the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reaction depend on? |
|
Definition
| Concentrations of substrate and enzyme |
|
|
Term
| This is a substance that binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a competitive inhibitor? |
|
Definition
| Competes with substrate for active site. |
|
|
Term
Binds to enzyme at a site other than active site
Causes shape change that makes enzyme unable to bind substrate. |
|
Definition
| Non-competitive Inhibitor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzymes that exist in active and inactive forms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Expend energy to build up molecules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Harvest energy by breaking down molecules |
|
|
Term
Reactions occur in a sequence
Product of one reaction is the substrate for the next
Many steps take place in organelles |
|
Definition
|
|
