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| process based experience that results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or behavioral patterns |
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| decrease in an elicited behavior resulting from the repeated presentation of an eliciting stimulus |
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| increase in an elicited behavior resulting from the repeated presentation of an eliciting stimulus |
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Pavlov's dogs, Classical conditioning model.
Nobel Peace prize recipient for his research in medical physiology
Behavior comes to be elicited by a stimulus that has acquired its power through an association with a biologically significant stimulus |
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| Father of American Behaviorism |
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A basic form of learning in which one stimulus predicts the occurrence of another
Behavior comes to be elicited by a stimulus that has acquired its power through an association with a biologically significant stimulus |
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| got a Nobel Peace prize for his research in medical physiology |
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UCS
Any stimulus that naturally elicits a behavior |
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UCR
The behavior elicited by the UCS (Unconditioned Stimulus) |
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CS
A neutral stimulus that is able to elicit behavior only after association with the UCS |
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| The behavior elicited to the CS |
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The process by which the CR is first elicited
Timing is critical
CS and UCS must be presented closely enough in time to be perceived as being related |
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Extinction
The weakening of a CR as a result of absence of CS and UCS |
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| The sudden reappearance of the CR after a rest period without further exposure to the UCS |
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| Automatic extension of conditioned responding to similar stimuli |
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| Learning to respond differently to stimuli that differ from the CS |
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| A neutral stimulus will become an effective CS only if it is informative and reliably predicts the UCS |
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| Three Applications of Classical Conditioning |
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Emotions and preferences
Learning to be a drug addict
Harnessing Classical Conditioning
Immune system |
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| Power of a stimulus to evoke a response is strengthened when the response is followed by a reward and weakened when it is not followed by a reward |
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| Operant Conditioning definition |
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| Learning in which the probability of a response is changed by a change in its consequences |
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| Reinforcement Contingency |
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| A consistent relationship between a response and the changes in the environment that it produces |
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| (Operant Conditioning) Any stimulus that when made contingent on a behavior increases the probability of that behavior over time |
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| (Operant Conditioning) The delivery of a reinforcer following a response |
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(Reinforcement Contingencies)
Any stimulus that when made contingent on a behavior decreases the probability of that behavior over time |
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(Reinforcement Contingencies)
The delivery of a punisher following a response |
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Behavior is followed by the delivery of an appetitive stimulus
Increases the probability of that behavior |
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Behavior is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus
Increases the probability of that behavior |
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Behavior is followed by the delivery of an aversive stimulus
Decreases the probability of that behavior |
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Behavior is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus
Decreases the probability of that behavior |
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| Stimuli that act as predictors of reinforcement or punishment |
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the tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned
REMEMBER LITTLE ALBERT!!! |
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Properties of Reinforcers:
Conditioned Reinforcers |
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Primary reinforcers (biologically determined)
Token economies |
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| biologically determined, ETC ADD MORE |
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| states that more probable behaviors will reinforce less probable behaviors.[2] The principle was derived from a study of Cebus monkeys by Professor David Premack |
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(Schedules of Reinforcement)
Partial Reinforcement Effect |
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| Responses acquired under intermittent reinforcement are more difficult to extinguish than those acquired with continuous reinforcement |
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(Schedules of Reinforcement)
Fixed-ratio (FR) schedule |
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| schedule of reinforcement where a response is reinforced only after a specified number of responses. This schedule produces a high, steady rate of responding with only a brief pause after the delivery of the reinforcer. |
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(Schedules of Reinforcement)
Variable-ratio (VR) schedule |
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| schedule of reinforcement where a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses. This schedule creates a high steady rate of responding. Gambling and lottery games are good examples of a reward based on a variable ratio schedule. |
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(Schedules of Reinforcement)
Fixed-interval (FI) schedule |
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| schedule of reinforcement where the first response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed. This schedule causes high amounts of responding near the end of the interval, but much slower responding immediately after the delivery of the reinforcer. |
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(Shaping)
Shaping by Successive Approximation |
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| Reinforcing responses that successively approximate the desired response |
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| Although humans, animals, etc., can learn to perform different behaviors, there are times when they stop performing those behaviors in the way they learned and start reverting back to their more instinctual behaviors - this is the basic premise of Instinctual Drift. The animal no longer performs the behaviors it has been taught, but goes back to behaviors that are in its nature. It begins to do what it is driven to do regardless of the resulting punishment. |
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| Bad experience with a food, avoid it. |
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| type of learning in which a person learns new information and behaviors by observing the behaviors of others. |
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| Bandura and BoBo Doll study |
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| Bandura hoped that the experiments would prove that aggression can be explained, at least in part, by social learning theory. The theory of social learning would state that behavior such as aggression is learned through observing and imitating others. |
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