-steering straight forward: aim far ahead, don't over or understeer

-steering straight backward: 1. hold brake pedal and shift to reverse 2. turn body to the right and look through rearview mirror 3. put your left hand at the top of the steering wheel at the 12 o'clock position 4. release pressure on the brake just enough to allow vehicle to back up slowly 5. while looking back, move top of the steering wheel the direction you want to go 6. keep your foot over the brake pedal

-steps for changing lanes: 1. check traffic in the front, left-front, and rear zones 2. signal and make a blind-spot check over your left shoulder 3. increase your speed slightly as you steer smoothly into the next lane if clear 4. cancel your signal and adjust your speed

-hand-over-hand steering: 1. begin turn from a balanced hand position 2. start pulling down to the left with your left hand-right hand pushes wheel toward left about a quarter turn 3. release your left hand from wheel and cross it over your right hand to grasp the wheel near the top

-steps for making left and right turns: 1. position vehicle in correct lane for turn 2. brake early to reduce speed 3. use visual search pattern to check front zones, pedestrians, and vehicles 4. slow to about 10 mph just before crosswalk 5. check opposite direction that you're turning before you turn 6. make a quick blind-spot check

-steps for backing left and right: 1. check objects around car 2. keep both hands on wheel. Back left: pull to the left. Back right: pull to the right-the back of your vehicle will go in the direction you turn your wheel 3. back slowly

-5 turnabouts and which is safest: midblock u-turn, back into driveway on right side, pull into driveway on left side, pull into driveway on right side, and three-point turnabout:

-3 factors when deciding which turnabout to use: legality of the turnabout, amount of traffic, types of driveways available, need to enter traffic lanes forward or backward, ample space to enter traffic, number of traffic lanes to cross

-3-point turn should rarely be used-use only on dead end street or rural roadways with no driveways

-safest type of turnabout: backing into a driveway or alley on the right side, b/c you can enter traffic forward

-reference points: used to help you know where your vehicle is located in the roadway, personal reference point is an adaption of a standard reference point for one's own vehicle

-steps for angle parking: 1. check for traffic and pedestrians, signal right turn, check traffic  to the rear, and begin braking 2. flash your brake lights to warn drivers behind, check your right blind-spot and continue braking 3. creep forward until you can see the center of the space without your line of sight cutting across the parking line 4. straighten wheel when you are centered in the space

-steps for perpendicular parking: 1. position vehicle at least 8 feet from the row of parked vehicles, or as far left of the lane as possible, flash brake lights and signal right turn, check right blind spot 2. check rear traffic and continue braking 3. determine your personal reference point to know when the front bumper of vehicle passes the left rear taillight of the vehicle to the right of the empty parking space, slowly enter stall 4. straighten wheels when you are centered in the space

-steps for parallel parking: 1. flash brake lights and signal right turn, stop 2 or 3 feet away from the front vehicle with the two rear bumpers even, shift into reverse, look over right shoulder, back slowly, aim toward the right-rear corner of the space, control speed with your foot brake 2. when back of your seat is even with the rear bumper of the front vehicle, straighten wheels, determine your personal reference point for the position, slowly back straight, look over shoulder 3. when front bumper is even with the front vehicle's back bumper, turn your wheels sharply left, back slowly, look out rear window 4. when vehicle is parallel to the curb, straighten wheels and stop before you touch the vehicle behind, determine reference points to know your distance from the curb and from the vehicle behind you, slowly pull forward to center your vehicle in the space

-parking uphill with a curb: turn wheels to the left

-parking uphill or downhill with no curb: turn wheels to the right

-parking downhill against curb: turn front wheels to the right

-how to start form an uphill parking space without rolling backwards: parking brake: 1. holding brake down, set parking brake 2. accelerate until you feel the engine start to pull 3. release parking brake as you continue to accelerate. foot brake: 1. hold foot brake down with your LEFT foot 2. while still holding down foot brake, accelerate gradually until the engine starts to pull 3. release foot brake gently as you increase acceleration to move forward