mouth

i.e. stomatitis - inflammation of the mouth

Gloss/o

Lingu/o

Tongue

i.e. glossectomy

lingual

Cheil/o

Labi/o

Lip

i.e. cheiloplasty

labial

Dent/o

odont/o

teeth

i.e. dentist

orthodontist (orth means straight)

saliva, salivary gland

i.e. sailolith (calculus formed in a salivary gland or duct)

pharynx

i.e. pharyngotonsillitis

pylorus

i.e. pylorospasm (involuntary contraction of the pyloric sphincter of the stomach, as in pyloric stenosis)

duodenum (first pt. of SI)

i.e. duodenoscopy - visual examination of the duodenum

ileum (3rd part of small intestine)

i.e. ileostomy (an ileostomy creates an opening on the surface of the abdomen to allow feces to be discharged into a bag worn on the abdomen)

append/o

appendic/o

col/o

colon/o

colon

(a colostomy creates a place for fecal matter to exit the body wother than through the anus)

rectum

i.e. rectocele; herniation or protrusion of the rectum; also called proctocele

anus, rectum

i.e. proctologist; physician who specializes in treating disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus

anus

i.e. perianal

pancreas

i..e. pancreatolysis: destruction of the pancreas by pancreatic enzymes

bile vessel

i.e. cholangiole (small terminal portion of the bile duct)

gall, bile

i.e. cholelith: gallstones are solid masses composed of bile and cholesterol that form in the gallbladder and common bile duct

bile duct

i.e. choledochoplasty: surgical repair of the common bile duct

abnormal condition (produced by something specified)

i.e. cholelithiasis (when gallstones form in the common bile duct, the condition is called choledocolithiasis)

enlargement

i.e. hepatomegaly: hepatomegaly may be caused by hepatitis or infection, fatty infiltration (as in alcoholism), biliary obstruction, or malignancy.

appetite

i.e. anorexia - without appetite

swallowing, eating

i.e. aerophagia (swallowing air)

around

i.e. perisigmoiditis: inflammation of peritoneal tissue around the sigmoid colon

under, below

i.e. sublingual

Circumscribed open sore, on the skin or mucous membranes within the body.  Peptic ulcers are the most common type of ulcer that occurs in the digestive system.

Gastric culcers develop in the stomach

Duodenal ulcers develop in the duodenum usually near the stomach

Colitis: Ulcers develop in the colon

Protrusion of any organ, tissue, or structure through the wall of cavity in which it is naturally contained.

Inguinal hernia: develops in the groin wehre the abdominal folds of flesh meet the thighs.

Strangulated hernia: occurs when the blood supply to the hernia is cut off because of pressure, leading to necrosis with gangrene.

Umbilical herbia: a protrusion of part of the intestine at the navel: occurs more commonly in obese women and among those who have had several pregnancies.

Diaphragmatic Hernia

Partial or complete blockage in the small or large intestine that prevents forward flow of digestive products.  Complete obstruction is a medical emergency and requires rapid diagnosis and tx within 24 hours to prevent death. 

Mechanical blockage/ileus: Contents of the intestine are prevented from moving forward due to an obstacle or barrier that blocks the lumen. INcludes tumors, scar tissues (adhesions), intestinal twisting (volvulus), intestinal telescoping where part of the intestine slips into another part just beneath it (intussusceptions)

Nonmechanical blockage: paralytic ileus: peristaltic movement is lacking or absent and contents are no longer propelled through the intestine.

Inflammatory condition of the liver often caused by exposure to toxic substances, espl. alcohol; obstructions int he bile ducts; metabolic diseases; autoimmune diseases; and bacterial or viral infections.

Hepatitis A: IInfectious hepatitis) caused by ingestion of contaminated food, water, or milk.

Hepatitis B: Transmitted by routes other than the mouth such as blood transfusions and sexual contact.  Vaccine available for Hep B.

Hep C: also tranmitted parenterally. May remain asymptomatic for years or the disease may produce only mild flulike symptoms. 

Treatments for Hep include antiviral drugs, but no cure.  As the disease progresses, scarring of the liver becomes so serious that liver transplantation is the only recorse.

Major symptoms of many liver disorders is yellowing of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae of the eyes (jaundice, icterus), occuring becasue the liver is no longer able to remove bilirubin.

Chronic inflammation, usually of the ileum, but possibly affecting any portion of the intestinal tract; also ccalled regional enteritis.

Crohn disease is a chronic disease distinguished from closely related bowel disorders by its inflammatory pattern.  It may cause fever, cramping, diarrhea, and weight loss.

Excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds the body's skeletal and physical standards, usually an increase of 20 percent or more above ideal body weight.  Obesity may be due to excessive intake of food (exogenous) or metabolic or endocrine abnormalities (endogenous)

Morbid obesity: BMI of 40 or greater, which is generally 100 or more pounds over ideal body weight.  Morbid obesity is a disease with serious psychological, social, and medical ramifications and one that threatens necessary body functions such as respiration.

visual examination of a cavity or canal using a flexible fiberoptic instrument called an endoscope.  The organ, cavity, or canal being examined dictates the name of the the name of the endocopic procesure. A camera and video recorder are commonly used during the procedure to provide a permanent record.

Endosopy of the upper GI tract (esophagus, stomach, and duodenum) is performed to identify tumors, esophagitis, gastroesophageal varices, peptic ulcers, and the source of upper GI bleeding.  It is also used to confirm the presence and extent of varices in the lower esophagus and stomach in patients with liver disease. 

Endoscopy of the colon, sigmoid colon, rectum and anal canal (proctoscopy)  is used to identify pathological conditions in the colon.  It may also be used to remove polyps.  When polyps are discovered in thecolon, they are retrieved and tested for cancer.

surgical joining of 2 ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another.

Ileorectal: surgical connection of the ileum and rectum after total coectomy, as is sometimes performed in the treatment of ulcerative colitis.

Intestinal: Surgical connectino of two portions of the intestines; also called enteroenterostomy.

Group of procedures that treat morbid obesity, a condition which arises from severe accumulation of excess weight as fatty tissue, and the resultant health problems.  Commonly employed bariatric surgeries include vertical banded gastroplasty and Roux-enY gastric bypass.

Vertical banded gastroplasty: Upper stomach near the esophagus is stapled vertically to reduce it to a small pouch.  A band is then inserted that restricts food consumption and delays its passage from the pouch, causing a feeling of fullness.

Roux-enY gastric bypass (RGB) Stomach is first stapled to decrease it to a small pouch.  Next, the jejunum is shorted and connected to the small stomach pouch, causing the base of the duodenum leading from the nonfunctioning portion of the stomach to form a Y configuration.  This configuration decreases the pathway of food through the intestine, thus reducing absorption of calories and fats.

HAV

HBV

HCV

HDV

HEV

physical examination

pulmonary embolism

qAM

q.d.

q.h.

q.2h

q.i.d.

q.o.d.

q.PM

every morning

every day

every hour

every 2 hours

four times a day

every other day

every PM