Term
| What is Cellular Respiration? |
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Definition
| The metabolic pathway that provides the cell with usable energy - it's all about energy conversion. |
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Term
| What does cellular respiration do? |
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Definition
| It converts potential energy in macromolecules into usable energy (ATP) |
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Term
| Where does cellular respiration occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Aerobic respiration? |
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Definition
| It's respiration that requires the presence of oxygen to break down glucose |
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Term
| How can cells utilize and pass on energy from one form to another? |
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Definition
| Passing electrons from one chemical to another - redox reaction. |
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Term
| What is a redox reaction? |
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Definition
| When one chemical loses an electron and another chemical gains it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Oxidation is the losing of an electron |
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Term
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Definition
| The gaining of an electron |
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Term
| What happens to the electron when a chemical passes it to another chemical? |
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Definition
| The electron loses potential energy |
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Term
| What is the series of chemicals that passes the electron on called? |
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Definition
| The electron transport chain |
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Term
| What happens to the energy that the electrons lose while going through the electron transport chain? |
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Definition
| The cell harnesses some of it to help generate ATP |
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Term
| What eventually happens to the electrons going through the electron transport chain? |
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Definition
| They get bound up by oxygen |
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Term
| What are the three main chemical pathways needed for aerobic respiration? |
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Definition
1) Glycolsis
2) Citric acid cycle (the krebs cycle)
3) Oxidative Phosphorylation |
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Term
| What is anarobic respiration? |
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Definition
| Respiration without oxygen |
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Term
| Where does glycolysis occur? |
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Definition
| Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A small chemical, high energy, but energy not in usable form. |
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Term
| How does glycolysis work? |
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Definition
| The glucose molecule is broken in half, generating two pyruvate. Each pyruvate is a 3 carbon chemical. Breaking the glucose into 2 pyruvates releases 2 ATP, and 2 NAD+ (which reduces to NADH) |
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Term
| What happens to the Pyruvate after it is generated in the cytoplasm? |
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Definition
| It moves to the Mitochondria where the Krebs cycle or (citric acid cycle) will occur |
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Term
| Where does most of cellular respiration take place? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two processes break down sugar completely? |
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Definition
| Glycolysis and Citric acid cycle |
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Term
| At what point will all the carbons from a glucose be broken down? |
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Definition
| By the end of the citric acid (Krebs) cycle |
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Term
| What will all the carbon from glucose end up as? |
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Definition
| part of CO2 (carbon dioxide) |
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Term
| Where does the carbon in carbon dioxide that we breathe out come from? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a co-enzyme is an organic, non protein helper that an enzyme requires. |
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Term
| What is an example of a co-enzyme? |
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Definition
| Most vitamins function as co-enzymes. |
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Term
| What happens in the Citric acid (krebs) cycle? |
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Definition
| The Pyruvates from the Glycolysis cycle move to the mitochondria, where the carbons are broken apart and released as carbon dioxide. An ATP is generated, 3 NADs which are reduced to NADHs are produced, as well as an FAD which is converted to FADH2 |
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Term
| How many times must the Citric acid cycle occur to break down one sugar? |
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Definition
| Twice, once for each pyruvate |
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Term
| What is the end result of one turn of the citric acid cycle? |
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Definition
| One ATP, 3 NADHs, one FADH2 and 3 carbon dioxides. |
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Term
| Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur? |
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Definition
| In the Mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
| What is the purpose of oxidative phosphorylation? |
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Definition
| To process the co-enzyme products from the glycolysis and citric acid cycles and convert them to ATP |
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Term
| What are the co-enzyme products of the Glycolysis cycle? The krebs cycle? |
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Definition
Clycolysis co-enzyme is NADH,
Krebs is NADH, FADH2 |
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Term
| Which step of cellular respiration produces the most ATP? |
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Definition
| Oxidative phosphorylation produces about 34 out of 38 total ATP from glucose |
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Term
| What are the two stages within Oxidative Phosphorylation? |
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Definition
| Electron transport and chemiomosis |
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Term
| What element does chemiosmosis require? |
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Definition
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Term
| The electron transport chain is composed of what? |
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Definition
| A series of redox reactions |
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Term
| Where does the energy come from in an electron transport chain? |
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Definition
| The electrons come from the co-enzymes, NADH and FADH2 |
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Term
| The electrons in an electron transport chain are passed down through which macromolecule? |
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Definition
| Electrons are passed down through a series of proteins. |
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Term
| Why is oxygen so important in the oxidative phosphorylation step of cellular respiration? |
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Definition
| Because oxygen is very electron-hungry, and it binds up the electrons at the end of the electron-transport chain, which goes on to be formed into water. |
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Term
| What happens to the energy lost through the e- (electrons) as it moves through the electron transport chain? |
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Definition
| Some of it is harnessed by the cell to work active transport proteins. |
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Term
| What do the active transport proteins powered by electrons in the electron transport chain in the mitochondrial membrane do? |
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Definition
| They pump H+ ions out of the mitochondria, which creates a huge concentration gradient. |
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Term
| Why is there potential energy before chemiosmosis begins?? |
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Definition
| During Oxidative phosphorylation, the e- moving through the electron transport chain lost energy, some of which was harnessed to power active transport proteins. The active transport protiens pumped H+ out of the mitochondria. Diffusion "wants" to happen, but the mitochondria membrane is impermeable. It's like a dam holding back water. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemiosmosis is the diffusion of ions across a selectively-permeable membrane. |
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Term
| In chemiosmosis, how do H+ ions get into the mitochondria? |
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Definition
| Through the protein ATP Synthase |
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Term
| How does an H+ cause energy to be stored in chemiosmosis? |
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Definition
| When H+ rushes back into the mitochondria via the ATP synthases, the synthases harness some of the energy, which is used to turn ADP to ATP by attaching a phosphate. |
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Term
| An NADH can convert how many ADPs to ATPs? |
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Definition
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Term
| An FADH2 can convert how many ADPs to ATPs? |
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Definition
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Term
| About what percentage of the energy in glucose is lost during the metabolic reactions? |
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Definition
| About 40%, usually as heat. |
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Term
| What is anaerobic respiration? |
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Definition
| Generating ATPs with no oxygen |
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Term
| What is fermentation another name for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two stages of anaerobic respiration? |
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Definition
| Glycolysis and Modification |
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Term
| What is the purpose of modification? |
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Definition
| To remove pyruvates from cells, because it is toxic to cells. |
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Term
| How many ATPs are produced through glycolysis in anaerobic respiration? |
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Definition
| Only 2 ATPs, or about 4% of the energy in glucose |
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Term
| What are the two types of modification? |
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Definition
| Lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation |
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Term
| What does lactic acid fermentation produce? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does alcohol fermentation produce? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of cellular respiration? |
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Definition
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Term
| How efficient is aerobic respiration? |
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Definition
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