Very few cells with a lot of filler material= Intracellular material, which is made out of calcium and phosphorus minerals.

Shaft- smooth surface composed of compact bone.

Fibrous membrane that covers the bone surface.

Dense bone tissue.

Inner layer- lines the medullary cavity. Contains osteoblasts= Bone building cells.

Space in center filled with yellow bone marrow= Fatty tissue.

2 of them. 1 ate the end of each long bone. Proximal and distal epiphysis.

Covers the epiphyseal surface in place of the periosteum. Composed of glassy cartilage and provides a smooth surface to prevent friction at joint surfaces.

Bone tissue plates made into a network (not dense).

Strip of cartilage where diaphysis meets the epiphysis AKA: Growth Plate. The epiphyseal plate is visible under an x-ray. Until you stop growing, at which point it is replaced by bone.

Bones protect all our soft internal organs.

EX: Skull protects the brain, sternum protects your heart, spine protects the spinal cord, pelvic bones protect digestive and reproductive organs.

Stores calcium and other minerals that are necessary for proper muscle and nerve function.

Blood Cell Formation

(Hematopoiesis)

Red and white blood cells are formed in the bone marrow of long bones.

2 sets of bones:Cranium and facial bones.

*All bones except for mandible are connected by sutures, an immovable joint.

8 large flat bones of skull: 1 frontal, 2 temporal, 2 parietal, 1 spheroid, 1 occipital, 1 ethmoid. 

Maxilla- Upper jaw

Mandible- Lower jaw

Zygomatic bone- Cheekbone

Nasal bone- Bridge of nose

Vomer- Divides up nose (nasal septum)

Lacrimal- Bones in corners of eyes that have ducts for tears.

Vertebral column- Protection of spinal cord, support for upright body and transmits weight to legs.

Cervical Vertebrae

Neck- Lighter, smaller, have holes in the transverse processes split spinous processes.

*7 cervical vertebrae:C1-C7

C1: Atlas- No body

   *Superior articular surfaces which hold the occipital condyles of skull ("yes").

C2: Axis- Has dens- Allows for C1 to rotate around it ("no").

T1-T12: Larger bodies and spinous processes that point downward.

   *Have costal facets (Indentations on transverse processes) for articulation with ribs.

5 vertebrae of lower back.

   *Massive block-like bodies. Short, thick spinous processes that point straight out.

Fusion of 5 vertebrae. Winglike tips= Alae. Makes up the posterior of your pelvis. Articulates with the hip bones at the sacroiliac joint.

Fusion of 3-5 vertebrae- Tailbone.

3 parts: 

1. Manubrium- Top portion of sternum

   *Joins the body and the sternal angle.

2. Body- Bone that protects the heart.

3. Xyphoid Process- Most inferior bone, and it connects to the body of the sternum at the xyphisternal joint.

Rib #1-7: True Ribs- Attach to the sternum directly through their own costal cartilate.

Rib #8-10: False Ribs- Attach to #7 and then to the sternum.

Rib #11-12: Floating Ribs- Don't attach to the sternum.

   *Function: Protect the lungs

   *Intercostal Spaces: Filled with intercostal muscles.

S-Shaped: In order to prevent shock when walking

Exist at birth.

Thoracic and Sacral= Both posterior curves.

Developes as baby developes.

Cervical- Develops as baby learns to hold their head up. Anterior curve Lumbar- Also a secondary curve- it develops as the baby begins to walk, anterior curve.

Doctors do spinal checks to spot abnormal curves.

Lateral Curve- Side to side, can be fixed if still growing, usually put into a brace.

When the thoracic curve is exaggerated.

When the lumbar curve is exaggerated (your butt sticks out). May be congenital (born with it), disease of poor posture.

1 long bone= Humerous fits into the glenoid cavity of the scapula. Has on its diaphysis a roughened area= deltoid tuberosity, where the deltoid muscle of shoulder attaches.

   *At its proximal end, there is a head and a neck. At its distal end, there are 2 important landmarks: the trochlea and the capitulum.

Lower part of arm. Made up of 2 bones: Ulna and the Radius.

1. Ulna: 2 important processes- Olecrenon (superior) and coronoid process (inferior) that grab onto the trochlea forming the elbow joint. At distal end of ulna, there is a styloid process.

2. Radius: Lateral of 2 bones in forearm. Articulates with the ulna at proximal and distal radio ulnar joints. 

3 Sections of bones:

1. Wrist: Carpals- 8 Bones that articulate at slightly movable joints.

2. Palm: Metacarpals- 5 Bones

3. Fingers: Phalanges- Each finger has 3 phalanges- Proximal, middle, and distal , except for the thumb which only has proximal and distal.

Thighbone- Thickest, largest, heaviest bone. Rounded head that fits into the pelvic bone at the acetabulum.

   *Thinner neck - Common fracture spot in elderly.

   * 2 Projections: Greater & lesser trochanter- Both are muscle attachment sites. On distal end- We have the medial and lateral condyles which will articulate with the tibia and fibula.

   * Patellar surface: between medial & lateral condyles, serves as spot where patella (knee cap) will articulate.

2 Bones- Tibia and fibula

1. Tibia: Medial bone, articulates with the femur. At proximal end, medial and lateral condyles, with a bump in between called the tibial tuberosity. At distal end, the bump on the ankle= Medial malleolus.

2. Fibula: Smaller than tibia. Does not articulate with the femur, but only with the tibia. At distal end- it forms the lateral malleolus. 

Heel bone- 2 large bones called talus and your calcaneus. Bears the weight of the body.

Ankle: Tarsals

Sole: Metatarsals

Toes: Phalanges

Structure of a Long Bone

(Humerus)

A Typical Vertebrae

(Superior View)

Bones of the Right Arm

and Forearm

Bones of the Right Thigh

and Leg