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Definition
Learning – is the long-lasting and enduring change in behavior or mental process that result from experience.
Behavior – is anything that an organism does involving action and response to stimulation. |
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Term
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Definition
Ivan Pavlov – Russian Physiologist
“Classical Conditioning” technique – is a form of behavior learning in which a previously neutral stimulus (CS) acquires the power to elicit the same innate reflex produced by another stimulus.
Eliciting stimulus – which is a stimulus that evokes behavior, commonly as a result of natural selection. |
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Found – that reflexive responses could be connected to new stimuli that had now biological relevance.
Any neutral stimulus (one w/o any eliciting power, such as a tone or a light), when paired with a reflex-producing stimulus (e.g., food), will eventually elicit a learned response (e.g., slaivation) similar to the original reflex.
Reflexes, unlearned (innate) responses, e.g., salivation, pupil contraction, knee jerks, or eye blinks that are naturally triggered by stimuli that have a biological significance for the organism, help us deal with important events in the environment.
By observing dogs during the digestion process, Pavlov formulated his theory of Classical Conditioning |
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CONDITIONS REQUIRED FOR LEARNING CLASSICAL CONDIDTIONING |
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Definition
The Anatomy of Classical Conditioning:
1. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) – refers to any stimulus that, w/o any learning involved, automatically triggers a reflexive behavior.
2.Conditioned Stimulus (CS) – is formerly neutral stimulus that, having been paired with the (UCS), comes to elicit behavior b/c of its association w/the UCS.
3. Unconditioned Response (UCR) – is the behavior elicited by an unconditioned stimulus.
4.Conditioned Response (CR) – is the behavior occurring in response to the (CS) alone. |
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Definition
Law of Effect – (law of learning) which states that the power of a stimulus to evoke a response is strengthened when the response is followed by a reward and weakened when it is not rewarded.
Thorndike’s idea that the consequences of a behavior determine whether it is likely to be repeated. |
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| THORNDIKES CLASSICAL CONDITIONING |
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Definition
Obviously we see the boy grimace in anticipation of the balloon bursting prior to the actual event once he see’s it’s being overinflated.
“Puzzle Box” experiment – lead to “operant conditioning” in which a cat was placed in a box with a wire attached to a latch to open a door for it to escape. When it would escape it would also get food. |
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| DIFF. BETWEEN PAVLOV AND THORNDIKES CLASSICAL CONDITIONING |
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Definition
Pavlov’s procedure controlled the relation of an environmental stimulus to an eliciting stimulus
Thorndike’s procedure controlled the relation of a response to the eliciting stimulus. |
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| TEMPORAL CONTIGUITY& BEHAVORIAL DISCREPANCY |
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Definition
Temporal Contiguity – closeness in time between pairs of events is important for learning to occur
Behavioral Discrepancy – only a stimulus that evokes a behavioral change, can function as a reinforcer.; also called a behavioral change |
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| CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING PROCEDURE |
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Definition
Classical conditioning procedure
-Unconditioned stimulus
-Conditioned stimulus
-Unconditioned response
-Conditioned response
Operant conditioning procedure
-Reinforcement |
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| SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT |
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Definition
Procedures that manipulate the relationship between stimuli, responses, and reinforcers
Ratio schedules – reinforcer is dependent on the occurrence of a number of responses
-Fixed or variable
Interval schedules – reinforcer is dependent on the passage of time before the response is effective
-Fixed or variable |
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Term
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Definition
Acquisition
Extinction
Stimulus Generalization
Stimulus Discrimination
Choice between Multiple Operants
Punishment |
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Definition
This is the learning of a response
Habituation is learning not to respond to an unimportant event that occurs repeatedly
-Short term
-Long term
Shaping
Natural selection and learning
Conditioned reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
When a response that was previously reinforced is no longer reinforced, resulting in a weakened behavior
Intermittent reinforcement – increases the resistance to the effects of extinction
Spontaneous recovery – increase in a previously extinguished response after the passing of time |
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| STIMULUS GENERALIZATION AND DISCRIMINATION |
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Definition
Stimulus Generalization – the process by which learning in one environment affects behavior in similar environments
Stimulus Discrimination – occurs when behavior has different consequences in different environments, even when the environments may be quite similar |
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Definition
| If an operant response is followed by an eliciting stimulus and the operant response decreases in strength, then the eliciting stimulus has functioned as a punisher. |
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| BIOLOGICAL BASES OF REINFORCEMENT |
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Definition
Neural Systems of Reinforcement: are activated ventral-tegmental VTA) neurons that release dopamine which is a neuromodulator that increases synaptic efficacy between neurons.
Cellular Mechanisms of Reinforcement:
-AMPA receptor neuron – excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate that rapidly facilitates firing of the neuron.
-NMDA receptor neuron – glutamate receptor that plays an important role in learning by changing synaptic efficacies. |
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| LEARNING WITH EXPERIANCE-PERPETUAL LEARNING |
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Definition
Perceptual Learning
Process by which combinations of stimuli guide behavior
Latent learning: – after the stimuli that guide behavior have been experienced but without the behavior being reinforced. |
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Definition
Instructional Control
Guidance of behavior by discriminative stimuli, especially verbal stimuli such as directions:
Known as rule-governed behavior |
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Observational Learning
Occurs when changes in the observer’s behavior take place after watching the behavior of others.
Imitation -
An observer matches or corresponds with the behavior of the person being observed. |
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