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Chapter 5- Language
Notes taken in Chapter 5 of AP Human Geography
84
Geography
9th Grade
11/19/2011

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Cards

Term
What language has the most speakers?
Definition
Mandarin
Term
What language has the 2nd most speakers?
Definition
english
Term
What are dialects a result of?
Definition
Migration and isolation
Term
What is the standard language in England?
Definition
British Recieved Pronunciation (BRP)
Term
What are the main differences between a dialect and a standard language?
Definition
Vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation
Term
What did Webster do to English in America?
Definition
He changed spellings and pronunciations slightly to create a unique form of English spoken in America.
Term
Where are the major dialect differences in America?
Definition
On the East Coast
Term
What are the 3 major dialect regions in Eastern U.S.?
Definition
Eastern, midlands, southern
Term
What three places were early settlers clustered in?
Definition
New England, Mid-atlantic, Southeast
Term
What diffused dialects to the middle and western parts of the U.S.?
Definition
Westward movement
Term
Where does the standard pronunciation in Western U.S. originate from?
Definition
Mid-atlantic states
Term
What language family does 48% of the world's population speak?
Definition
Indo-European
Term
What is the second-largest language family?
Definition
Sino-Tibetan
Term
What percentage of the world's population speaks a Sino-Tibetan language?
Definition
26%
Term
Where is Sino-Tibetan mostly spoken?
Definition
China, SE Asia
Term
What are the branches in the Sino-Tibetan family?
Definition
Sinitic, Tibeto-Burman, Austro-Thai
Term
How do the languages spoken in China play a role in national unity?
Definition
small number of languages, written the same
Term
What are the challenges of Sino-Tibetan languages?
Definition
Thousands of characters, hard to learn how to read.
Term
How is Japanese written?
Definition
Ideograms and phonetic symbols
Term
What is Hankul?
Definition
the phonetic symbols that Korean is written with
Term
Why are Japanese and Korean different from many other SE and E asian languages?
Definition
Isolation
Term
How has Chinese influenced Japanese and Korean?
Definition
Half of korean words are chinese, and Japanese gets its writing from chinese
Term
What languages are part of the Afro-Asiatic language family?
Definition
Arabic, Hebrew, a large number of languages in N and SW Africa
Term
What is the major language in the Afro-Asiatic language family?
Definition
Arabic
Term
What is the international significance of Arabic?
Definition
It's the official language of 24 countries
Term
What is Arabic's connection with religion?
Definition
the Bible and the Quran are written in Arabic
Term
How many native speakers does Arabic have?
Definition
200 million
Term
What is the 6th official language of the U.N.?
Definition
Arabic
Term
Where is the Altaic language family spoken?
Definition
the land between Turkey and Mongolia
Term
What is the most used language in the Altaic language family?
Definition
Turkish
Term
Who is Ataturk, and how was he significant?
Definition
He was the leader of the Turkish government in the 1920s who changed the Turkish alphabet from Arabic to Roman to modernize Turkey's culture.
Term
What did the Soviet Union do to Turkish when they were in power?
Definition
Turkish was suppressed so the Soviets could create a homogenous national culture
Term
Where is the Uralic language family spoken?
Definition
Estonia, Finland, Hungary
Term
How does Uralic make the countries that speak it unique?
Definition
All the other european countries speak Indo-European languages
Term
How did speakers of the Uralic language family keep their cultural identity?
Definition
They carved out homelands for themselves in Germanic and Balto-Slavic speaking places
Term
What is the most used african language family?
Definition
Niger-Congo
Term
What language family do 95% of people in Sub-Saharan Africa speak?
Definition
Niger-Congo
Term
What language family is Swahili in?
Definition
Niger-Congo
Term
How did Swahili develop?
Definition
The interaction between african groups and Arab traders produced it.
Term
What is the official language of Tanzania?
Definition
Swahili
Term
How is the Khoisan language family unique?
Definition
It includes clicking sounds
Term
Where is Khoisan concentrated?
Definition
SW Africa
Term
Where is Austronesian concentrated?
Definition
Indonesia
Term
What percentage of the world's population speaks Austronesian?
Definition
6%
Term
How many people speak Austronesian as a 2nd language?
Definition
140 million
Term
How many languages are spoken in Nigeria?
Definition
463
Term
What is a problem in Nigeria due to languages?
Definition
Too many, which leads to conflict and fighting.
Term
To decrease fighting, where did the government of Nigeria move the capital to?
Definition
Abuja
Term
What are the branches in the Indo-European family?
Definition
Germanic, Into-Iranian, Balto-Slavic, and Romance
Term
What branch is English in?
Definition
Germanic
Term
What language group is English in?
Definition
West Germanic
Term
What language family is English in?
Definition
Indo-european
Term
What are the language groups in the Germanic branch?
Definition
High germanic, low germanic, west germanic, north germanic
Term
How many people speak an Indo-Iranian language?
Definition
1 billion
Term
What are the language groups in the Indo-Iranian branch?
Definition
Indic (eastern)
Iranian (western)
Term
What is the history of Balto-Slavic?
Definition
Slavic was once a single language, but then speakers dispersed and lived in isolation.
Term
What are the language groups in the Balto-Slavic branch?
Definition
East-Slavic
Baltic
West and South Slavic
Balto-Slavic
Term
Where did the Romance languages evolve from?
Definition
Latin
Term
What are the 4 most important Romance languages?
Definition
Spanish, Franch, Portuguese, Italian
Term
What are the other 4, less extensively used Indo-European language branches?
Definition
Albanian, armenian, greek, celtic
Term
What alphabet is English written in?
Definition
Roman
Term
What alphabet is Russian written in?
Definition
Cyrillic
Term
What are the 4 most widely spoken language branches in the Indo-European family?
Definition
Germanic, Romance, Slavic, Indo-Iranian
Term
What part of India is Hindi primarily spoken?
Definition
Northern India
Term
Why have differences in speaking, but not writing, emerged in Hindi?
Definition
Most speakers of Hindi, until recently, could not read of write it.
Term
What is the main element of cultural diversity in India?
Definition
language
Term
How many official languages does India have?
Definition
18
Term
When did the importance of Russian increase?
Definition
At the end of WWII, with the Soviet Union's rise to power
Term
Where are the speakers of Indo-Iranian clustered?
Definition
S and W Asia
Term
What is unique about the north/northeastern part of the netherlands?
Definition
they speak Frisian
Term
What are the 4 main language families in South Asia?
Definition
Indo-European, Dravidian, Sino-Tibetan, and Austro-asiatic
Term
Why is India likely to have a civil war?
Definition
There are many languages spoken there, which may cause conflict.
Term
What are the 3 most widely spoken romance languages?
Definition
Spanish, Portuguese, French
Term
What language branch separates Romanian from the rest of it's Romance language counterparts?
Definition
Balto-Slavic
Term
Where is Ladin spoken?
Definition
Italy
Term
Where is the Kurgan hearth located?
Definition
North of the Caspian Sea, along the Dnepr river
Term
About how much time passed between the earliest movement of the Kurgans until their entering of central and southern Europe?
Definition
1500 years
Term
In addition to Europe, where else did the Kurgans migrate?
Definition
Middle east asia
Term
Where is the Anatolian hearth located?
Definition
Present-day Turkey
Term
How long did it take the Anatolian migration to reach the British isles?
Definition
2000 years
Term
What explains the success of the Anatolian migration?
Definition
Agricultural inventions, not military conquest
Term
What is the single ancestor of european languages, which cannot be proved, called?
Definition
Proto-indo-european
Term
Who does Marija Gimbutas believe are the first Proto-Into-European speakers?
Definition
The Kurgans
Term
Who believes that the Anatolians were the first speakers of Proto-Indo-European?
Definition
Archaeologist Colin Renfrew and biologist Russell D. Gray
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