Term
| What is myelination? What is its role in development? |
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Definition
| Myelination is a process that occurs in the brain in which axons (nerve cells) are insulated with a layer of fat cells. This increases the speed of information traveling through the nervous system. In early childhood development it improves hand-eye coordination, response time, and focus of attention. |
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Term
| What are the concerns regarding obesity and malnutrition in early childhood? |
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Definition
| Essential that children maintain healthy regular diet. What children eat affects their skeletal growth, body shape, and susceptibility to disease. Physical development suffers because it is more difficult to play causing demotivation. Kids make fun of obese children. Malnouritshed children lack iron, vitamins, protein. Obese children can develop type 2 diabetes at young as 5. Kids can both by malnourished and obese. |
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Term
| What is preoperational egocentrism? What are some of the limitations of this type of thinking? |
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Definition
| Children lack the ability to see in other's perspectives. Reflects the idea that the child believes that their view of the world is the same as everyone else's. Limits child's ability to think of other's personal perspective and performing reversible mental actions. Relays on perceptions over logic. |
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Term
| Why is Vygotsky's theory called a "social constructivist approach" to understanding development? |
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Definition
| Children socially construct their own contexts of learning. Children socially interact with their adults and peers to build their own knowledge. Called this because the child relies on social interaction to facilitate and guide learning. Involved in the zone of proximal developing and scaffolding. |
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Term
| What are children's "Theories of Mind"? |
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Definition
| A child's awareness of their own mental thought process as well as other's. Evolve extensively over the first years of childhood. Children 2 to 3 = emotions and desired. Children 4 to 5 = concept of false belief, but still limited. After 5 deeper understanding of mental state. Middle school children see mind as an active constructor of knowledge and processes. |
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Term
| How would you characterize developmentally appropriate activities of a child-centered kindergarden. |
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Definition
| The whole child is considered for development. Not only cognitive, but physical and socioemotional. Experimenting, exploring, speaking, play, listening, and discovering are some activities. Cater to individual child's needs and interests. Each child has unique developmental pattern. Need first-hand experiences. |
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Term
| Distinguish between gender identity vs. gender role. |
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Definition
| Gender identity is the sense of being male or female (age 3), but gender role is the set of expectations in culture for how female and males should think, feel, and act. Several theory's including social role (differences in contrasting genders), psychoanalytic (freudian that deals with rejecting opposite sex parent), and social cognitive theory (gender development through observation and imitation; rewards and punishment for gender-appropriate behavior). |
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Term
| Summarize how parenting style affect children's development. |
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Definition
| Four parenting styles form Baumrind: authoritarian, (control reject) authoritative, (control accept) neglectful, (uncontrol reject) and indulgent(uncontrol accept). Authoritiative children are cheerful, self-controlled, self-reliant, less stress, friendly relationships. Authoritatrian children are fearful, anxious, weak communication. Neglectful children have low self-esteem, immature, deliquency. Indulgent children may be domineering, egocentric, no respect in relationships. |
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Term
| Identify some of the social, cultural, or familial factors that correlate with child maltreatment. |
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Definition
| In an abusive family relationship all family members need to be considered not just absuser. 1/3 of parents who were abused themselves went on to abuse children later. Poverty; more stress poorer skills, lack of connection with social services causes social isolation. What is okay in some cultures and groups is not okay in other; different value system and what parents should do to get their child to behave. |
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Term
| What is the role of "family processes" in a child's adjustment to divorce? |
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Definition
| Divorced parents' relationships should still be harmonious and try to continue authoritative parenting to improve child adjustment. First few years of divorce can cause a suffer of parenting skills before restabilization. Child's needs need to be put first and must avoid role reversal. |
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Term
| Why do early childhood exerts agree that " play is the work of children"? What are some of the major reasons play is so important? |
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Definition
| Play makes contributions to cogitive and socioemotional development. Tensions and anxieties can be relieved through play. Better coping. Play is the work of children because of cognitive development. Permits children to practice skills in a comfortable way. Assists language and communication skills through rules and roles in play. Physical development in bones and muscles. |
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Term
| What are some of the dangers and some of the benefits of television? |
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Definition
| Dangers of turning children into passive learners and can also increase aggression. Media violence exposed to 6 to 10 linked to later adulthood aggression. Also learn about adult behavior in real world which too overwhelming or incorrect. Benefits can teach positive behavior and prosocial problem-solving skills. |
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Term
| What are some of the characteristics of a learning disabled child? |
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Definition
| May have variety of difficulty across different aspects of learning or focus in single area. Normal or above intelligence. Difficulty in spoken or written language, reading, writing, speaking, handwriting, mathematics. Three types of learning disabilities: dyslexia, dysgraphia, and dyscalculia. Likely due to problems integrating information from multiple brain regions. |
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Term
| What are some of the characteristics of hyperactivity or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder? |
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Definition
| Attention-deficity hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)child shows one or more characteristics: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. |
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Term
| In what ways are children in Concrete Operations different than children in Preoperational Operations? |
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Definition
| Children can consider several characteristics as opposed to single property. Form stable concepts about ideas using logic. Capable of seration, ordering a series of objects by dimensions. Also trasitivity, combine relations to understand conclusions, deduction. |
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Term
| What is the meaning of the term "Least Restrictive Environment"? What are some of the problems and benefits of mainstreaming? |
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Definition
| Children with disabilities must be educated in setting similar to children without disability. Reduces alienation. Also need full-time in regular classroom. Problems are some children may not benefit from inclusion as opposed to one-on-one individualization, difficult for teacher to assist along with general classroom. Benefits more social connections challenge students to work best to ability. |
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Term
| How does metacognition help older children become more efficient problem solvers? |
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Definition
| Children are aware of their knowledge and thought processes. They can become efficient problem solvers by remembering strategies in thinking and learning to find solutions. Children who understand metacognition know when and where to use their learning strategies. |
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Term
| What are some of the problems in defining intelligence. |
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Definition
| Differences in defining intelligence between children and adults. Also some people learn analytically, creatively, or practically. May be more focused in some areas over others. Also cultural differences in definition in what is intelligent. |
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Term
| What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of IQ testing? |
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Definition
| Advantage gives basis for other intelligence showing a normal distribution. When scoring on extreme ends of spectrum problems arise. Mislabeled as mental disability or gifted. |
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Term
| Distinguish among: self-esteem, self-efficacy, and self-regulation. |
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Definition
Self esteem: global evaluative dimension of the self, personal perceptions that do not always match reality and does not link to school performance.
Self efficacy: belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcome, belief in "I can", low self-efficacy means avoiding challenging learning situation, high-efficicacy more effort and persistance.
Self-regulation: Capacity to manage one's behavior, emotions, and thoughts. Increases social competence and achievement, linked to advances in brain's prefrontal cortex. |
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Term
| According to Erikson, what conflict are children in middle and late childhood attempting to resolve? |
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Definition
| Fourth stage, industry versus inferiority. Children are interested in how things are made and work. those encouraged to create, make, and build have increased industry. Those who call this behavior mischief foster a sense of inferiority. This reflects optimism and pessimism. Also related to self-esteem issues. |
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Term
| What are some of the factors that create stress in the lives of children? How can we help them? |
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Definition
| Poverty issues, neighborhood, lack of parent, hard time in school, delinquency, peer issues. To help cope, it is important to reassure child everything will be alright, allow children to speak and listen, encourage talk about strange feelings and explain those are normal, protect child from exposure, and help understand it is not child's fault. Let them know it is okay to fail, don't stress over good and bad, keep adult problems separate from child, help meet emotion and school needs. |
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Term
| How does the notion of "inductive discipline" and other family processes influence moral development? |
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Definition
| Kohlberg argued against family processes, but moral values and actions do influence child's moral thoughts. Inductive discipline provides children with different perceptions about what to do in moral dilemma. Parents offer explanation for rules and ask children to reflect their behavior helps to develop self-control and self-discipline. |
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Term
| What are Carol Gilligan's contributions to our understanding of moral development? |
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Definition
| Care perspective is moral perspective of Carol Gilligan; views people in terms of how connected they are with others. Emphasizes interpersonal communications, relationships and concern for others. Contrasts with Kohlberg's justice perspective that focused more on rights of individuals. Also critized Kohlberg for underplay of gender. |
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Term
| Why is the peer group so important in teaching social norms? |
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Definition
| Children develop social cognition; thoughts about social matters. Learn how to decode social cues, interpret cues, search for response, select response, and enact. Learn social norm for how and how not to behave in situations. Linked to child's ability to get along with their peer. Teaches social norms through social comparison. Become positive role models from their peers. |
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