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| During the preschool period, the brain increases in size because of increases in the number and size of the nerve endings within and between brain areas. |
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| Research has shown that children's cognitive development can be directly linked to certain brain structures and specific neurotransmitters. |
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| Although what children eat does affect their body shape and growth, there is no evidence that it affects children’s susceptibility to developing diseases. |
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| Children as young as 5 years of age are now at risk for obesity-related diseases such as diabetes. |
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| When children are in the preoperational period of Piaget’s theory, they cannot mentally think about things without acting them out. |
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| A child is exhibiting centration when she reports that witches are real and are hiding in her closet. |
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| In Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development, the lower level of the zone is where the child can solve problems independently. |
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| For Vygotsky, private speech is immature and egocentric, but for Piaget, it serves as a valuable tool of thought. |
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| While children’s memories about peripheral details are quite suggestible, they tend to accurately remember the central aspects of an event. |
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| In general, when trying to remember things, young children tend to be fairly good at using strategies such as rehearsal and organization. |
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| During the period of initiative versus guilt, children begin to increase the size of their social world and explore new experiences. |
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| Young children’s self-descriptions are typically negative and limited due to their lack of social experiences. |
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| In social role theory, power and status differentials throughout history are used to explain current gender differences found in most societies. |
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| Fathers are likely to treat boys and girls similarly, whereas mothers are likely to treat sons and daughters very differently. |
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| Physical punishment is harmful for all children, regardless of what ethnic background they come from or where they live. |
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| Although spanking has some consequences for children’s development, it remains one of the most effective parenting techniques. |
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| We cannot assume that all children would benefit from receiving extra time and attention from stay-at-home parents. |
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| The nature of parents’ work can have an important impact on a child’s development. |
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| Research shows that children who have no siblings tend to be spoiled and self-centered. |
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| Children find play very entertaining and fun, but it serves no real developmental purpose. |
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| Owing to better medical technology, the incidence of cancer in children is decreasing. |
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| Elementary school children are more fatigued by long periods of sitting than by engaging in physical activity. |
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| Although ADHD can be devastating for children diagnosed with the disorder, most children grow out of it by the end of adolescence. |
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| Although medication is widely prescribed for children with ADHD, research shows that the most effective treatment involves medication in combination with behavior management. |
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| In regard to education for children with disabilities, the term “inclusion” means that these children should be included in regular classrooms whenever possible, such as during physical education or art classes. |
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| Research has found considerable cross-cultural support for the timing of the cognitive milestones proposed by Piaget. |
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| Young children tend to overestimate their memory abilities, but children in middle and late childhood have more realistic evaluations of their memory skills. |
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| Even though ethnic differences in IQ have been found, when minorities are given equal opportunities, educational interventions, or more enriched homes, the ethnic differences in IQ scores become minimal. |
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| In evaluations of the whole-language vs. the phonics approach to reading, research confirmed that phonics is the best approach when teaching children to read, but that whole-language has benefits as well. |
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| Research shows that bilingualism gets in the way of cognitive development because students spend too much cognitive energy on keeping their two languages straight. |
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| [9:30:07 PM] Rigbutt: During middle and late childhood, children increasingly define themselves in terms of external characteristics such as appearance. |
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| People with high self-esteem are prone to being both aggressive bullies and helping other children who are being bullied. |
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| Self-esteem refers to domain-specific evaluations of oneself. |
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| Kohlberg believed that parents had relatively little effect on children’s moral development. |
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Parents play a large role in influencing children’s sharing behaviors, but children pay
virtually no attention to their peers’ bid for sharing. |
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| It is important to foster prosocial behavior early on because research shows that it is stable from early childhood to early adulthood. |
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| In studies of prosocial behavior, research shows that although males and females are equally kind and considerate, females show significantly greater levels of sharing than do males. |
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| Research shows that establishing a new stepfamily while the child is experiencing puberty may be especially difficult. |
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| Research shows that conflict-ridden friendships are excellent for children’s development in that the children learn to sacrifice their own needs for the desires of another. |
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| Constructivist teachers tend to construct high expectations for students and provide lots of direction and control over their students’ activities. |
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