Term
| During early childhood, the average child grows __________ inches. |
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Definition
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Term
| Regarding brain development in early childhood, which of the following statements is true? |
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Definition
| Increases in brain size are primarily due to myelination and increases in the number dendrites. |
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Term
| What is the second stage of Piaget's cognitive theory of development that emphasizes a child's ability to represent the world with words, images, and drawings? |
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Definition
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Term
| Preoperational means that a child cannot yet perform...? |
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Definition
| Reversible mental actions |
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Term
| __________, a limitation of preoperational thinking, is the inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and that of another person. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which substage of preoperational thinking occurs between ages 2 and 4 years and involves the child's ability to mentally represent an object that is not present? |
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Definition
| Symbolic Function Substage |
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Term
| In the United States, what is the leading cause of death in young children? |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is the focusing of attention on one characteristic of an object or situation to the exclusion of all others. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is the awareness that altering an object's appearance does not change its basic properties. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is Vygotsky's term suggesting that, over the course of a teaching session, the teacher should change the level of support given to fit the student's performance level. |
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Definition
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Term
| Both Vygotsky and Piaget suggested that...? |
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Definition
| Teachers should be facilitators and guides rather than directors. |
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Term
Regarding information processing in early childhood, which of the following statements is true?
A) The child's attention dramatically improves, including an ability to attend to relevant, nonsalient features in performing a task.
B) Children are unable to be led into developing false memories.
C) Significant improvements occur in short-term memory.
D) Young children use strategies for remembering information. |
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Definition
| Significant improvements occur in short-term memory. |
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Term
| Research on theory of mind has found that children refer to __________ earlier and more frequently than they refer to __________. |
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Definition
| Desires; cognitive states |
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Term
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Definition
| Conducted a classic experiment using nonsense words to demonstrate that children understand morphological rules. |
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Term
| Which of the following is not a principle of a child-centered kindergarten? |
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Definition
| Children learn best when adults are available to guide learning experiences. |
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Term
| Developmentally appropriate practices in education are based on typical development at a given age as well as the uniqueness of each child. This type of schooling is considered..? |
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Definition
| Both age- and individual-appropriate. |
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Term
| __________ is a compensatory education program designed to provide children from low-income families with the opportunity to acquire important school success skills. |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following characteristics is central to the Montessori approach to education?
A) Children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing their activities.
B) The teacher acts as a facilitator rather than a director.
C) Children are encouraged to actively make their own decisions from an early age.
D) All of these |
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Definition
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Term
| Preschool children are increasingly capable of learning and applying rules of syntax. Syntax refers to...? |
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Definition
| The ways words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences. |
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Term
| A young child's ability to add the letter "s" to create plurals demonstrates their growing mastery of...? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Erikson's stage of psychosocial development in early childhood? |
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Definition
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Term
What type of self-descriptions do children typically provide in early childhood?
A) body attributes
B) material possessions
C) physical activities
D) all of these |
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Definition
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Term
| In order to feel __________ emotions, children must be able to refer to themselves and be aware of themselves as distinct from others. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is Piaget's first stage of moral development in which rules are conceived of as unchangeable properties of the world. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ refer to a set of expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act, and feel. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which statement best describes the explanation given by the gender schema theory for gender development? |
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Definition
| An individual's attention and behavior are guided by an internal motivation to conform to cultural schemes that set out gender-based standards and stereotypes. |
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Term
| __________ parenting involves a restrictive, punitive style in which parents expect children to obey their rules without many questions. |
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Definition
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Term
| Diana Baumrind's research suggests that parenting that is __________ and __________ leads to the best outcomes for children. |
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Definition
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Term
Regarding child maltreatment, which of the following statements is true?
A) About one-third of parents who were abused themselves when young abuse their own children.
B) Child abuse does not place the child at risk for a number of different developmental problems.
C) The majority of maltreated children suffer life-threatening and/or disabling injuries.
D) Parents who abuse their children rarely come from families where physical punishment was used. |
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Definition
| About one-third of parents who were abused themselves when young abuse their own children. |
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Term
Which of the following statements concerning siblings is incorrect?
A) During the preschool years, siblings in the presence of each other have a conflict approximately every 10 minutes.
B) Many children have mixed feelings toward their siblings.
C) To promote optimal sibling relationships, parents should avoid intervening and let siblings resolve conflicts on their own.
D) The intimacy between siblings can provide support or can be used to tease and undermine each other. |
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Definition
| To promote optimal sibling relationships, parents should avoid intervening and let siblings resolve conflicts on their own. |
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Term
Regarding the changing family, which of these statements is true?
A) A common experience of working parents is not feeling guilty about being away from their children.
B) There is consensus among psychologists that children from divorced families show adjustment problems to a greater extent than do children from nondivorced families.
C) Research suggests that there are long-term negative effects on children when their mothers work outside the home.
D) Disengagement from the family is higher among girls than boys in divorced families. |
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Definition
| There is consensus among psychologists that children from divorced families show adjustment problems to a greater extent than do children from nondivorced families. |
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Term
| A majority of children being raised by a gay or lesbian couple were born...? |
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Definition
| In a heterosexual relationship that ended in a divorce. |
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Term
Regarding cultural, ethnic, and socioeconomic variation in families, which of the following statements is true?
A) The most common parenting style around the world is authoritarian.
B) African American and Latino children are more likely than White American children are to live in small families.
C) High-income families use discipline that emphasizes externalization, whereas low-income families emphasize internalization.
D) African American and Latino children are more likely than White American children are to live in extended families. |
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Definition
| African American and Latino children are more likely than White American children are to live in extended families. |
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Term
Peers are important in normal social development because...?
A) they serve as powerful socialization agents.
B) those children who are accepted by their peers are likely to suffer fewer developmental problems.
C) they provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family.
D) All of these |
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Definition
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Term
Regarding play, which of the following statements is true?
A) Play is not essential to a young child's health.
B) Play therapy is not successful in analyzing or helping with coping a child's conflicts.
C) Vygotsky deemphasized the role of play in cognitive development, whereas Piaget emphasized it.
D) Play is defined as a pleasurable activity that is engaged in for its own sake. |
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Definition
| Play is defined as a pleasurable activity that is engaged in for its own sake. |
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Term
| How does play advance a child's cognitive development? |
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Definition
| Play allows children to practice their competencies and acquired skills in a relaxed, pleasurable way. |
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Term
| Dolly is playing with a doll all by herself, and seems unaware and disinterested in what other kids on her classroom are doing. Parten would describe this as ______ play. |
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Definition
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Term
| In what type of play does a child increasingly transform their physical environment into a symbol? |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ play involves the repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned. |
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Definition
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Term
| The highest incidence of game playing occurs..? |
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Definition
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Term
Regarding children and television, which of the following statement is true?
A) Television violence can cause aggressive behaviors in children.
B) Prosocial behaviors on television are associated with increased negative behavior in children.
C) Children watch only moderate amounts of television.
D) Television viewing is positively related to children's creativity skills. |
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Definition
| Television violence can cause aggressive behaviors in children. |
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Term
| In which of the following developed countries do young children watch the most television? |
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Definition
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Term
| During the elementary school years, children grow an average of __________ inches a year. |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following statements regarding body growth and proportion in the elementary school years is true?
A) Proportional changes are among the least pronounced in middle and late childhood.
B) Children gain an average of 15 to 20 pounds per year during this period.
C) Children triple their strength capabilities during these years.
D) Boys are usually stronger than girls. |
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Definition
| Boys are usually stronger than girls. |
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Term
Which of the following statements regarding motor development in middle and late childhood is true?
A) Boys are usually better at fine motor skills, whereas girls outperform boys at gross motor skills.
B) Children gain greater control over their bodies and can sit for longer periods of time; therefore, their lives should be less activity-oriented.
C) Motor development becomes much smoother and more coordinated.
D) Improved gross motor skills appear in the form of handwriting development. |
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Definition
| Motor development becomes much smoother and more coordinated. |
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Term
| At what age do children begin to show motor manipulative skills similar to the abilities of adults? |
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Definition
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Term
Regarding exercise and sports in middle and late childhood, which of the following statements is true?
A) Children's use of television, computers, and video games has increased their amount of physical activity.
B) Eighty percent of children were not involved in any daily physical education in 1999.
C) Girls are more physically active than boys in this age group.
D) Participation in sports has only positive consequences for children. |
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Definition
| Eighty percent of children were not involved in any daily physical education in 1999. |
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Term
| What is the most common form of cancer in children? |
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Definition
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Term
| In childhood, being overweight is more common among...? |
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Definition
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Term
| Approximately ____% of all children in public schools in the United States have a learning disability. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which learning disability is marked by difficulty with handwriting? |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is a learning disability whereby individuals have a severe impairment in their ability to read and spell. |
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Definition
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Term
| The individualized education plan (IEP)...? |
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Definition
| Is a written statement describing a program for a student with a disability. |
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Term
| Piaget characterized the thought of those in middle and late childhood as...? |
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Definition
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Term
| The activity of ordering stimuli along a quantitative dimension is best described as...? |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is a criticism of Piaget's theory that is supported by recent research?
A) Piaget underestimated children's competence.
B) He placed too much emphasis on culture and education.
C) Children cannot be trained to reason at higher levels.
D) Piaget's theory was not divided into clear-cut stages. |
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Definition
| Piaget underestimated children's competence. |
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Term
| Mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100 yields a(n)...? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who proposed the triarchic theory of intelligence that divides intelligence into analytical, creative, and practical components? |
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Definition
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Term
| The majority of people who are mentally retarded experience _________ retardation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Gifted children are typically...? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which educational approach involves teaching children in their native language while gradually introducing English? |
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Definition
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Term
| __________, which refers to knowledge about language, develops considerably during the elementary school years. |
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Definition
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Term
Which is the correct statement about self-esteem?
A) Children with high self-esteem have greater initiative.
B) High self-esteem children don't engage in antisocial actions.
C) Self-esteem research is experimental in methodology.
D) There are high correlations between school performance and self-esteem. |
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Definition
| Children with high self-esteem have greater initiative. |
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Term
| Erikson's stage describing socioemotional development for people in middle and late childhood is called...? |
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Definition
| Industry versus inferiority. |
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Term
Which of the following is an important developmental change in emotions during the elementary school years?
A) Decreased ability to understand complex emotions
B) small improvements in the ability to suppress negative emotions
C) increased tendency to take into fuller account the events leading to emotional reactions
D) unable to redirect feelings. |
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Definition
| Increased tendency to take into fuller account the events leading to emotional reactions |
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Term
| When 8-year-old Jenny states, "I know I will be able to read that book as long as I practice reading every night," she is demonstrating...? |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is the ability to manage one's behavior, emotions, and thoughts that lead to increased social competence and achievement. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of Kohlberg's levels of moral development involves full internalization of moral values? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Kohlberg, in the __________ stage, moral thinking is tied to punishment. |
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Definition
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Term
| Carol Gilligan's central criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is that...? |
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Definition
| He inadequately considers the care perspective. |
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Term
| The belief that young girls should be "sugar and spice and everything nice" is a...? |
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Definition
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Term
| Recent studies suggest that societal changes are leading females to be more...? |
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Definition
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Term
According to your textbook, which of these statements regarding gender roles is true?
A) Researchers have found that high-masculinity adolescent boys never engage in problem behaviors.
B) Pollack suggests that boys actually benefit from bottling up their feelings.
C) Bem argues that androgynous individuals are more competent.
D) Masculine and androgynous orientations might be less desirable in traditional academic and work settings because of the achievement demands in these contexts. |
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Definition
| Bem argues that androgynous individuals are more competent. |
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Term
| When examining children's peer status, we find that __________ children are frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked. |
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Definition
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Term
| Social ________ involves thoughts about social matters. |
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Definition
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Term
| Jacob finds his relationship with Akira exciting and amusing. Which function of friendship does their relationship fulfill? |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is not a special problem faced by schools in low-income neighborhoods?
A) higher percentages of children in poverty
B) fewer resources
C) more experienced teachers who have become bored
D) more encouragement of rote learning over thinking skills |
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Definition
| More experienced teachers who have become bored. |
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Term
| To improve relations between ethnically diverse students, Eliot Aronson suggested...? |
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Definition
| Using cooperative techniques of a jigsaw classroom. |
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Term
| The __________ approach is a learner-centered approach that emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher. |
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Definition
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Term
| One of the key criticisms of the constructivist approach to teaching and learning is that it...? |
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Definition
| Does not give enough attention to the content of a discipline. |
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Term
| In a __________ mind-set, children believe that their qualities can change and improve through effort. |
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Definition
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Term
| Pat is described as assertive, nurturing, powerful, and sensitive. Pat's gender role classification would best be described as...? |
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Definition
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