A professional member of an occupational group, according to sociologists:

A. is someone who has studied to acquire technical knowledge and skills.

B. is someone who has knowledge that outsiders do not have.

C. is someone whose knowledge is useful to outsiders.

D. is someone whose work is supervised by a member of a different profession.

E. A, B and C

E. A, B and C

Professionals develop codes of ethics to:

A. persuade their clients that they are not merely acting out of self-interest.

B. punish members of the profession who do not behave ethically.

C. ensure that research subjects are treated equally by members of their profession.

D. protect the reputation of the profession.

E. all of the above

E. all of the above

The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment was deemed unethical because:

A. physicians treated prisoners at Tuskegee Prison to two kinds of anti-syphilis drugs and as a result fewer than half the subjects received effective treatment.

B. African American subjects were underpaid compared to white research subjects.

C. African American subjects were unknowingly infected with syphilis.

D. research subjects were too poor to afford better health care.

E. physicians knowingly withheld effective treatment from and lied to research subjects.

E. physicians knowingly withheld effective treatment from and lied to research subjects.

The modern emphasis on research ethics developed as a result of:

A. the American Declaration of Independence.

B. researchers' mistreatment of slaves prior to the Civil War.

C. the Nuremberg trials that followed World War II.

D. The McCarthy Hearings.

E. the 1964 Civil Rights Act.

C. the Nuremberg trials that followed World War II.

Voluntary consent refers to:

A. the conduct of research by qualified professionals.

B. human subjects' ability to choose whether to participate in a research study.

C. scientists' protection of human subjects from any possible harm.

D. the benefits to society of knowledge acquired from a research study.

E. All of the above.

B. human subjects' ability to choose whether to participate in a research study.

Laud Humphreys' study, Tearoom Trade, was thought by some people to be unethical because:    

A. Humphreys tricked heterosexual men into having sex with homosexual men.

B. Humphreys tricked homosexual men into having sex with heterosexual men.

C. it may have led to the decriminalization of sexual acts between consenting adults.

D. the subjects were deceived and placed at risk by the researcher. 

E. Humphreys did not keep the names of the subjects confidential and some people's reputations were ruined.

D. the subjects were deceived and placed at risk by the researcher.

The primary responsibility of Institutional Review Boards is:

A. to ensure that university researchers do not exceed their budgets.

B. to ensure that researchers publish their research findings.

C. to ensure that researchers have created sufficient safeguards to protect the rights of human subjects and the public.

D. to ensure that students are not used as research subjects by their professors without pay or extra credit.

E. All of the above

C. to ensure that researchers have created sufficient safeguards to protect the rights of human subjects and the public.

Which of the following is true about deception in social research?  

A. Scientists can use deception ethically because research projects do not influence public behavior or opinion.

B. Scientists can ethically deceive research subjects as long as subjects' names are kept confidential.

C. Scientists can ethically deceive research subjects as long as they apologize afterwards.

D. Almost all social scientists agree that scientists may deceive research subjects if the knowledge gained will benefit the larger society.

E. None of the above.

E. None of the above

Pedro Barnet has collected information about drug usage from 300 students in an introductory sociology class. He handed out the questionnaires in class. He asked the students to complete the questionnaire and place it in a sealed envelope before turning it in. He stressed that no one should write his or her name on either the questionnaire or the envelope. By using this method, Mr. Barnet took steps to ensure students' responses would be:

A. anonymous

B. autonomous

C. beneficent

D. confidential

E. voluntary

A. anonymous

The principle of informed consent requires that researchers do all of the following for potential research subjects except:

A. explain the expected benefits.

B. explain the possible risks.

C. offer to answer questions.

D. describe the expected results.

E. assure them that their participation is voluntary.

D. describe the expected results.