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| four main classes of molecules |
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Definition
| carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
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| giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules |
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| long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds |
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| repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer |
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| condensation reaction/ dehydration reaction |
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| water is the molecule that is lost to make a longer polymer form one short polymer and unlinked monomer |
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| specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells |
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| polymers are disassembled to monomers- to break using water |
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| includes both sugars and polymers of sugars |
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| simplest carbohydrate that have molecular formulas that are some multiple of the unit CH2O |
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| most common monosaccharide |
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Definition
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| two monosachharides joined by a glycosidic linkage |
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| covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction |
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| macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages |
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Definition
polymer of glucose monomers; what plants store as granules within cellular structures known as plastids
-molecules are helical |
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Definition
a polysaccharide that animals store; a polymer of glucose that is like amylopectin but more extensively branched
-stored in liver and muscle cells |
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Definition
structural polysaccharide that is a major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells
-these molecules are straight |
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| important structural polysaccharide, the carbohydrate used by anthropods (insects, spiders, etc) to build their exoskeletons |
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Definition
grouped together because they mix poorly if at all with water
-3 types are fats, phospholipids, and steroids |
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Definition
| constructed from 2 smaller types of molecules: glycerol and fatty acids |
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Definition
| alcohol with 3 carbons, each bearing a hydroxyl group |
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Definition
| large carbon skeleton between 16-18 carbon atoms in length |
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Definition
| consists of 3 fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule |
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Term
| saturated/ unsaturated fat |
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Definition
saturated= @ room temp. is a solid
unsaturated= @room temp is a liquid <=> cis double bond makes it have some kinks in the fatty acid hydrocarbon chains...not packed together tightly |
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Definition
| unsaturated fat containing one or more trans double bonds |
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essential for cells b/c they make up cell membranes
-consists of hydrophobic tails that point toward the interior of the bilayer, away from the water |
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Definition
| lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings |
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| common component of animal cell membranes; precursor from which other steroids are synthesized |
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| speed up chemical reactions, provide structural support, storage, transport, cellular communication, movement, and defense against foreign substances |
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| serves as a catalyst => a chemical agent that changes the rate of reaction w/o being consumed by the reaction |
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| polymer of amino acids (~20 used) |
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Definition
| one or more polypeptides, each folded and coilde into a specific 3-D structure |
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Definition
organic molecules possesing both carboxyl + amino groups
-amino group, alpha carbon, carboxyl group |
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globular protein
fibrous protein |
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Definition
globular= roughly spherical
fibrous= long fibers |
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Definition
| unique sequence of amino acids |
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Definition
| segments of polypeptide chains either coiled or folded in patterns |
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Definition
| delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid |
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Definition
| 2 or more regions of the polypeptide chain lying sided by side are connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the 2 parallel polypeptide backbones |
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| overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions betwen the side chains (R groups) of the various amino acids |
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Definition
| overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of these polypeptide subunits |
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| protein unravels and loses its shape |
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| protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins |
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| used to determine the 3-D structures of many other proteins |
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| two types of nucleic acids and their definitions |
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deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)= genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents
ribonucleic acid (RNA)= protein synthesizer |
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| macromolecules that exist as polymers |
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| itself is composed of three parts: a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base, and a 5-carbon sugar |
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Definition
| nitrogeneous base and the sugar |
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Term
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Definition
nitrogeneous base that has a 6-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms
-Cytosine (C)
-Thymine(T)...only DNA
-Uracil (U)...only RNA |
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Term
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Definition
larger, with a 6-membered ring to a 5-membered ring
-adenine (A) and guanine (G) |
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Definition
| lacks an oxygen atom on the second carbon ring |
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| two polynucleotides that spin around on an imaginary axis |
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