Term
| functions of integumentary system |
|
Definition
protection
sensation
temperature regulation
vitamin D production
Excretion
immunity |
|
|
Term
subcutaneous layer
types of cells |
|
Definition
not part of skin
*loose connective tissue that connects skin to underlying structures (areolar and adipose)
*blood vessels and nerves here supply the dermis
*fibroblasts- wound healing properties
*adipose cells- fat
*macrophages- eat bacteria
*contains half of body's adipose tissue (padding, energy, and insulation) |
|
|
Term
epidermis
how is it nourished? |
|
Definition
avascular, nourished by diffusion from capillaries of the papillary layer of dermis
composed of cells in layers/strata
4-5 layers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
give strength
soft keratin- in skin
hard keratin- nails |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells of the deeper layers undergo mitosis; as they move toward the surface, older cells slough off |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| as cells move outward through the layers they fill with keratin, die, and serve as a layer that resists abrasion and forms a permeability layer |
|
|
Term
| 5 layers of epidermis and functions |
|
Definition
stratum corneum- dead layer, keratinized
stratum lucidum- nucleus etc invisible *only on soles and palms
stratum granulosum- 3-5 layers of flattened grainy cells,
contains shrunken fibers of keratin and shriveled nuclei
stratum spinosum, lipids/ oils, many layers with centered nucleus, keratin created here many layers
centrally located large nuclei
**develop keratin fibers
*become flattened closer to surface
stratum basale- cell division, melanin
single row
cuboidal or columnar cells
includes melanocytes
frequent cell division
some cells become parts of more superficial layers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thick is on feet and hands, areas subject to pressure or friction
thin is where hair grows, more flexible than thick |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hardened skin (or corneum) overtime |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
melanin- melanocytes extend between keratinocytes
carotene- yellow pigment
cyanosis- bluish skin color (decrease in blood flow)
erythema- reddish hue(from blood circulating through skin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
right beneath epidermis
*dermal papillae (finger prints) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dense irregular tissue
glands, arrector pilli, hair follicle/root, blood vessels, nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the elastic and collagen fibers of the reticular layer are arranged more in some directions than others producing these cleavage or tension lines.
important in surgery- incisions made parallel heal better
if skin is overstretched stria marks (stretch marks) occur |
|
|
Term
what are the two layers of the dermis?
what type of tissues are they made of? |
|
Definition
papillary layer- loose connective tissue *blood vessels
reticular layer - dense irregular connective tissue *fibrous layer of dermis, strength and cleavage lines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
medulla- central axis of hair, contains soft keratin
cortex- forms the bulk of hair and consists of hard keratin
cuticle- covers the cortex, a single layer containing hard keratin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tubelike structure around hair:
dermal root sheath
internal epithelial root sheath
external epithelial root sheath |
|
|
Term
| arrector pili is what type of muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hair is produced in __________ that involve what 2 stages? |
|
Definition
cycles
growth stage
- hair is formed by matrix cells that differentiate, become keratinized, and die. hair grows longer as cells are added to base of the hair root. eventually hair growth stops and the follicle shortens and holds hair in place.
resting stage
- resting period follows, after which a new cycle begins and a new hair replaces the old hair.
*losing hair normally means that the hair is being replaced
-scalp hairs grow 3 years, rest 1-2 years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hair follicles shrink and revert to producing vellus hair (fine baby hair) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| malanocytes within the hair bulb matrix produce melanin and pass it to keratinocytes in the hair cotex and medulla. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most empty into hair follicle
(exceptions: lips, eyelids, genitalia)
*holocrine gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*merocrine or eccrine
*appocrine become active at puberty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| *ceruminous glands: modified merocrine sweat glands- earwax (cerumen) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| modified appocrine sweat glands |
|
|
Term
| what is the nail made of? |
|
Definition
nail body- visible portion, stratum corneum (with hard keratin)
nail root- proximal, covered by skin
nail fold- side edges of nails cored by skin called nail fold
nail groove-edges of nails held in place by nail groove
cuticle- corneum that grows into the nail body from the nail fold
hyponychium- thickened region of stratum corneum beneath the free edge of the nail body (at tip of nail)
nail matrix- what the nail root extends from
nail bed- located between the nail matrix and the hyponychium
lanula- part of the nail matrix that can be seen through the nail body as a white crescent
**nail matrix and bed are made of epithelial tissue, with a stratum base that gives rise to cells that form the nail |
|
|
Term
| the stratum corneum of the nail fold grows onto the nail body as _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is nail growth continuous or in stages like hair? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what does the nail form from?
what parts?
what part of these parts gives rise to cells? |
|
Definition
the nail matrix and bed.
the stratum basale layer in these produces cell that makes nail |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
first degree- sunburn
second degree- blisters
third degree- adipose and subcutaneous burned
rule of nines is used to estimate the amount of body that is burned (trunk 18%, head/upper limbs both 9%, lower limbs 18% |
|
|
Term
| the stratum spinosum are held together by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which layer of skin does cell death occur in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the stratum basal consists of _________ which produce the cells of the more superficial strata. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which layer has dead, transparent cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transformation of the living cells of the stratum basal into the dead squamous cells of the stratum corneum |
|
|
Term
| keratinized cells are filled with keratin and have a _______ _______. this contributes to _________. the cells are held together by ________. |
|
Definition
| keratinized cells are filled with keratin and have a PROTEIN ENVELOPE. this contributes to STRUCTURAL STRENGTH. the cells are held together by DESMOSOMES. |
|
|
Term
soft keratin is present
hard keratin is present |
|
Definition
in skin and inside parts of hair
in nails and outside part of hair (cells do not shed) |
|
|
Term
| melanocytes produce melanin inside melanosomes and then transfer the melanin to ________________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
put these in order
lanugo
terminal
vellus |
|
Definition
| lanugo>>>vellus>>> terminal at puberty |
|
|
Term
| what are the root and shaft of hairs made of |
|
Definition
| dead keratinized epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
| which part of the hair has soft keratin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ______ ______ produces hair in cycles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nearly all the nail is formed by the _____ but the ________ contributes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vitamin D increases ________ levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which layer of skin, papillary or reticular
1. responsible for strength?
2. layer of dermis responsible for cleavage lines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| after birth, the type of hair on the scalp, eyelids, and eyebrows is _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| order of structures from hair follicle to center of hair |
|
Definition
dermal root sheath
epithelial root sheath
cuticle
cortex
medulla |
|
|
