Term
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Definition
| all of the species that interact in a common area |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual's ability to survive & produce viable, fertile offspring |
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Term
| 4 types of interactions between species |
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Definition
1. commensalism: one species benefits but the other is unaffected (+/0)
2. competition: when individuals use same resources (-/-)
3. consumption: one organism eats or absorbs nutrients from the other (+/-)
4. mutualism: both benefit (+/+) |
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Term
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Definition
| a pattern of evolution where two species influence each other's adaptations over time |
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Term
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Definition
| a repeating cycle of reciprocal adaptation |
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Term
| intraspecific competition |
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Definition
| competition that occurs between members of the same species |
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Term
| interspecific competition |
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Definition
| individuals from different species use the same limiting resources |
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Term
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Definition
| the range of resources that the species is able to use or the range of conditions it can tolerate |
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Term
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Definition
| if two species experience a similar decrease in fitness due to the overlap of their niches; both species may persist in the overlap |
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Term
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Definition
| one species suffers a greater fitness decline than the other species does |
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Term
| competition exclusion principle |
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Definition
| two species that occupy the same niche cannot coexist |
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Term
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Definition
| the total theoretical range of environmental conditions that a species can tolerate |
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Term
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Definition
| the portion of the fundamental niche that a species actually occupies, given limiting factors such as competition |
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Term
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Definition
| an evolutionary change in resource use caused by competition over generations |
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Term
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Definition
| the evolutionary change that occurs in species' traits & that enables species to exploit different resources |
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Term
| 3 major types of consumption |
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Definition
1. herbivory: herbivores consume plant tissues
2. parasitism: parasite consumes relatively small amounts of tissue or nutrients from the host
3. predation: a predator kills & consumes all or most of another individual |
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Term
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Definition
| species mimic the appearance of toxic animals to avoid being eaten by predators; look dangerous, are not dangerous |
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Term
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Definition
| animals that are toxic/dangerous look like other animals that are also toxic/dangerous; look dangerous, are dangerous |
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Term
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Definition
| physical, chemical, or behavioral defensive traits that are induces in the prey in response to the presence of a predator |
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Term
| 4 key attributes to a community structure |
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Definition
1. total number of species
2. relative abundance of species
3. sum of interactions among all species
4. physical attributes of the community, both biotic & abiotic |
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Term
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Definition
| network of exchanges of energy & nutrients among producers, consumers, & decomposers in an ecosystem |
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Term
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Definition
| any strong, short-lived disruption to a community that changes the distribution of living and/or nonliving resources |
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Term
| 3 factors that determine the impact of a disturbance |
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Definition
1. the type of disturbance
2. the frequency
3. the severity |
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Term
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Definition
| the type of disturbance characteristic of a community; has predictable frequency & severity |
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Term
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Definition
| recovery following a disturbance |
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Term
| primary succession occurs after a disturbance that ____ |
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Definition
| removes the soil & its organisms as well as organisms that live above the surface; ex) glaciers, floods, volcanic eruptions, landslides |
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Term
| secondary succession occurs after a disturbance that _____ |
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Definition
| removes some or all of the organisms from an area but leaves the soil intact; ex) fire, logging |
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Term
| 4 steps of secondary succession |
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Definition
1. pioneering species
2. early successional community
3. mid-successional community
4. climax community |
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Term
| pioneering species tend to have _____ life histories |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a plant that is adapted for growth in disturbed soils |
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Term
| 3 effects that species can have during succession on later species |
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Definition
1. facilitation: presence of early arriving species makes conditions more favorable for the later species
2. tolerance: existing species don't affect probability of later species
3. inhibition: presence of one species inhibits the establishment or regrowth of another |
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Term
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Definition
| how many species are present in a given community |
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Term
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Definition
| weighted measure that incorporates the species' relative abundance |
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Term
| MacArthur & Wilson's species richness theory |
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Definition
| species richness should be highest on large islands that are nearshore |
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