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| prejudice and discrimination based on a person;s racial background, or institutional and cultural practices that promote domination of one group over the other |
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| a belief of association that links a whole group of people with certain characteristics or traits ( beliefs) |
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| negative feelings towards persons based on their membership in certain groups ( feelings) |
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| behavior directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group ( actions) |
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| A form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize |
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| Gaertner & Dovidio 2010 ( averse racism) |
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| the ambivalence between individuals' fair minded attitudes and beliefs on the one hand, and their unconscious and unrecognized negative feelings and beliefs about blacks on the other hand. |
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| the subtle but hurtful forms of discrimination that are experienced by members of a targeted group |
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| When do implicit racism and prejudice stay strong |
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| when the individual does not have frequent or any contact with members of other groups |
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| Metastereotypes ( Jacquie Vorauer) |
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| houghts an individual has about another groups perception of them - Worrying about this can cause harmful physiological stress |
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| a form of sexism characterize by attitudes about women that reflect both negative , resentful beliefs and feelings of affectionate and chivalrous but maybe patronizing beliefs and feelings ( hostile sexism and benevolent sexism) |
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| being persistently stereotyped perceived as deviant and devalued in society because of membership in a particular social group or because of a particular characteristic |
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| Crocker et all 1991 ( racism and self esteem) |
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- Black students not phased by negative feedback from white students if they knew it was only b/c they were black
- However they were phased by positive comments if they were only given b/c they were black |
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| Pascoe & Smart- Richman 2009( discrimination and health) |
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| perpetual discrimination can cause aversive mental and physical health benefits. |
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| the experience of concern about being evaluated based on negative stereotypes about one's group |
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| how does stereotype threat hamper achievement ( 2 ways) |
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1. reacting to negative "thoughts in the air", people can become anxious and nervous and form disassociate thoughts.
2. Disidentifyi from their curent situation or setting and see it as no longer relevent to their self esteem and identity ( common in academic domain) |
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| Steele & Aronson 1995 ( stereotype threat) |
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Definition
| white and balck students from same prestigious school; told that the test they are taking is either a measure of ability or irrelevant experimental test . Black students preform much worse when told the test measure ability |
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| root of stereotyping and prejudice. Categorizing people into groups. ( labeling in vs out group) |
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| outgroup homogeneity effect |
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| the tendency to assume that there is greater similarity among outgroup members than among members of ingroups |
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| Harris & Fisk 2006 ( Dehumanizing out groups) |
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Definition
| brain image scanning and IAT tests reveal that people do not activate their medial prefrontal cortex if they looked at members of a distant outgroup /objects |
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| In terms of exhibitng bias, what happens when people are reminded of their mortality |
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| - When people are reminded of their own mortality ( terror management theory) they tend to exhibit more outgroup biases and prejudice |
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| Social dominance orientation |
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| a desire to see one's ingroup as dominant over other groups and a willingness to adopt cultural values that facilitate oppression over other groups |
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| System justification theory |
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| a theory that proposes that people are motivated to defend and justify the existing social ,political, and economic conditions |
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| a model proposing that the relative status and competition between groups influence group stereotypes along with the dimensions of competence and warmth Higher status = higher competence Warmth of a group is perceived by your group's current level of competition with that group |
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| shared goal that can only be achieved with combined group ( multiple) cooperation |
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| Realistic Conflict theory |
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| • The theory that hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources ( Levine & Campbell 1972) |
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| feelings of discontent which are aroused by the belief that one fares poorly compared with others |
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| the theory that people favor ingroups over outgroups in order to enhance their self esteem |
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| What is the relation between ingroup favoritism and self esteem |
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Definition
1. Threats to one's self esteem heightens the need for ingroup favoritism
2.Expression of ingroup favoritism enhance one's self esteem |
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| Spencer & Fein 1997 ( self esteem and prejudice) |
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| threats to one's self esteem can lead individuals to use availible negative stereotypes to derogate members of the stereotyped groups, and that makes them feel better about themsleves |
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| • The theory that small gender differences are magnified in perception by contrasting social roles occupied by men and women |
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| Explanation of Social Role Theory ( why) |
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-Through a combination of biological and social factors, a division of labor between the sexes emerged over time
-People behave in ways that fit the roles they play, men are more likely than women to wield physical, social, and economic power.
- These behavioral differences provide a continuing basis for social perception, leading us to perceive men as dominant and women as domestic naturally when they are in fact socially constructed roles. |
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| Effect of media on self esteem |
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Definition
| individuals with concerns about their physical appearance and are concerned about others' opinions of them are often negatively impacted by the media's depiction of what their ideal self should be |
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| white participants acted more akward, brief, made speech error, and sat farther away when interviewing black participants. As a result black participants did worse on the interview |
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Term
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An overestimate of the association between variable that are only slightly or not at all correlated
- results from 2 different processes
1. People tend to overestimate the association between variables that are distinctive: they capture attention simply because they are novel or deviant
2.People tend to overestimate the association between variables they already expect to go together |
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| exposed white participants to subliminal words that invoke African American images. Those participants as a result more readily activated African American stereotypes and saw other people's behavior as more negative |
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| factors which influence stereotype activation (3) |
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Definition
1. prevalence of the stereotype
2. how prejudiced the person is
3. Motivation, if self esteem is low, a person is more likely to stereotype others |
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Term
| Keith Payne 41 shots experiment |
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Definition
| participants brought in , shown a screen which shows an individual ( black or white) with an item ( gun or harmless) which is slightly hard to see. Participants have to decide whether to shoot or not. On average black images were shot more often |
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| the theory that direct contact between hostile groups will reduce intergroup prejudice under certain conditions |
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| conditions of contact hypothesis for success (4) |
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Definition
1. equal status
2. personal interacction
3. cooperative activities ( superordinate goal)
4. social norms ( should favor intergroup contact) |
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| just having a friend has a close relationship with a member of an outgroup can produce positive intergroup benefits in ways similar to direct contact |
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