Term
| List the four major classes of macromolecules. |
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Definition
| Carbohydrates, Lipids, Protein and Nucleic acid. |
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Term
| Distinguish between monomers and polymers. |
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Definition
| Monomers are the building blockes of polymers. Polymers are long moleucles that consist of many similar or identical building blocks liked by covalent bonds. An example of a polymer is a carbohydrate, lipid, or protein. |
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Term
| Draw diagrams to illurstrate condensation and hydrolysis reactions. |
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Definition
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Term
| Distinguish among monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. |
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Definition
| Mono means single. Saccharide means sugar. Monosaccharides are single sugars/simple carbohydrates, or simple sugars such as glucose. Disaccharides are double sugars and consist of two monosaccharides. Polysaccharides are macromolecules; polymers with many monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages. |
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Term
| Describe the formation of a glycosidic linkage. |
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Definition
| A glycosidic linkage is a covalent bond formed betwen two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction. |
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Term
| Distinguish between the glycosidic linkages found in starch and cellulose. Explain why the difference is biologically important. |
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Definition
| The glycosidic linkages in starch and cellulous are different due to their slightly different ring structures for glucose. In starch, the glucose monomers are arranged in an alpha configuration. In cellulose, the monomers are in a beta configuration. The structures are essentialy flip flopped from eathother. |
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Term
| Distinguish between the glycosidic linkages found in starch and cellulose. Explain why the difference is biologically important. |
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Definition
| The glycosidic linkages in starch and cellulous are different due to their slightly different ring structures for glucose. In starch, the glucose monomers are arranged in an alpha configuration. In cellulose, the monomers are in a beta configuration. The structures are essentialy flip flopped from eathother. |
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Term
| Describe the role of symbiosis in cellulous digestion. |
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Definition
| Enzymes are unable to digest the beta form of cellulose. In humans, the cellulose in our food poasses through the digestive tract and is eliminated with the feces. Although humans cannot digest cellulose, it helps line the inside of the tract to help food move through smoothly. |
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Term
| Describe the building-block molecules, structure, and biological importance of fats, phospholipids, and steroids. |
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Definition
Fat or triacylglycerol: made from glycerol and 3 fatty acids. Structure is made through an ester linkage. The biological importance is that fat stores energy.
Phospholipids: Made of 2 fatty acids and glycerol. Their importance is that they are major cmponents of all cell membranes. They are linked to a pohsphate group.
Steroids: made of four fused rings. Their structure is a carbon skeleton. The importance is the managing of hormones. |
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Term
| Identify an ester linkage and describe how it is formed. |
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Definition
| An ester linkage is a bond between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group. |
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Term
| Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated fats. |
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Definition
| Saturated fats have zero double bonds between carbon atoms. Unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds. Unsaturated fats are easier for enzymes to break down than saturated fats are. |
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Term
| Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated fats. |
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Definition
| Saturated fats have zero double bonds between carbon atoms. Unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds. Unsaturated fats are easier for enzymes to break down than saturated fats are. |
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Term
| Name the principal energy storage molecules of plants and animals. |
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Definition
| The principal energy storage molecules of plants and animals is fat. |
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Term
| Name the principal energy storage molecules of plants and animals. |
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Definition
| The principal energy storage molecules of plants and animals is fat. |
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Term
| Distinguish between a protein and a polypeptide. |
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Definition
Protein: consists of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into specific conformations.
Polypeptides: polymers of amino acids. |
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Term
| Explain how a peptide bond forms between two amino acids. |
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Definition
| Peptide Bond: a covalent bond between two amino acid units, formed by a dehydration reaction. |
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Term
| List and describe the four m ajor components of an amino acid. Explain how amino acids may be grouped according to the physical and chemical properties of the R group. |
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Definition
| Amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, and variable group (represented with R). The r-group is a side chain and amino acids are grouped together by their side chains. The product of these groupings may be hydrophobic or hydrophilic. |
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Term
| Explain what determines protein conformation and why it is important. |
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Definition
| The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide determines the three-dimensional conformation or the protein. The conformation of a protein is important because it determins how it works. |
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Term
| Explain how the primary strcture of a protein is determined. |
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Definition
| The conformatino of a protein determines the structure of it. |
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Term
| NAme two types of secondary protein sturcture. Explain the role of hydrogen bonds in maintaining secondary structure. |
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Definition
| Examples: alpha helix and beta pleated sheet. The hydrogen bonds maintain this structure by repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone. |
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Term
| Explain how weak interactions and disulfide bridges contribute to tertiary protein structure. |
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Definition
| The weak interactions between the side chains contribute to tertiary protein structure. The hydrophobid interaction also contributes to the tertiary structure. |
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Term
| LIst four conditions under which proteins may be denatured. |
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Definition
| pH, salt concentration, temperature, or alteration of other aspects of the environment. |
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Term
| List the major components of a nucleotide and describe how these monomers are linked to forma nucleic acid. |
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Definition
| a nitrogenous base, a pentose (five-carbon sugar), and a phosphate group. |
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Term
Distinguish between:
a. pyrimidine and purine
b. nucleotide and nucleoside
c. ribose and deoxyribose
d. 5' end and 3' end of a nucleotide |
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Definition
a. pyrimidine: a six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms.
Purine: larger with six-membered ring fused to a five-member ring.
b. nucleotide: composed of three parts, a nitrogenous base, a pentose, and a phosphate group.
Nucleoside: the part of the nucleotide iwthout a phosphate group. |
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Term
| Briefly describe the three-dimentional structure of DNA. |
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Definition
| DNA molecules have two polynucleotides that spiral around an imaginary axis. It forms a double helix. |
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