Reaction: Redox reaction

Vitamin: Riboflavin

Reaction: Redox

Vitamin: Niacin

Reaction: Decarboxylation of alpha-ketoacid

Vitamin: Thiamine (B1)

Reaction: Acyl group transfer

Vitamin: Pantothenic acid

Reaction: decarboxylation, transamination, etc. in met of N-containing biomolecules

Vitamin: Pyridoxine

Reaction: One-C transfer

Vitamin: Folate

Reaction: 2 reactions: methy-THF into THF, proponyl CoA metabolism

Vitamin: Vitamin B12

Co2 is removed by the what? (1)

Nitrogen is removed via what? (2)

Heat is removed by what? (3)

The kidneys also maintain what? (4)

1. lungs

2. kidneys in the form of urea (protein catabolism) and uric acid (nucleotide metabolism)

3. Skin

4. pH

1. HCO3-

2. chloride ion

1. right

2. affinity

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Where does it occur?

What does it require?

The mitochondrial ATP synthase. Occurs during Redox reactions as electrons are transferred to oxygen along the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The released energy is trapped as ATP by this process. ADP + Pi =>ATP.

This reaction requires oxygen.

Substrate level phosphorylation

Where does it occur?

Does it require oxygen?

The process where energy is obtained when an unstable substrate is transformed into a stable substrate. This does not require Oxygen. Occurs in glycolysis and the TCA cycle. (Cytoplasm)

S-P+ + ADP => ATP + X

S+ + ADP + Pi => ATP + X

When muscles require large amounts of energy for a short period of time for survival ATP is made through these enzymes.

Phosphocreatine + ADP creatine kinase> creatine + ATP

ADP + ADP adenylate kinase> ATP + AMP

1. thermodynamically

2. kinetically

3. negative

Most important thing in metabolism

 Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhoff pathway)

What, where, with what enzyme/coenzyme?

Glucose is converted into pyruvate in the cytoplasm.

Coenzyme: NAD+

Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)

What, where, with what coenzyme?

Converts pyruvate into acetyl CoA in the mitochondria.

Coenzyme: NAD+

Releases CO2

According to the new estimates: NADH=(1), FADH2=(2), acetyl CoA=(3).

According to the old estimates NADH=(4), FADH2=(5), acetyl CoA=(6).

1. 2.5 ATP

2. 1.5 ATP

3. 10 ATP

4. 3 ATP

5. 2 ATP

6. 12 ATP

Glycogenesis= glucose is converted to and stored as glycogen when cell energy is high

Glycogenolysis= glycogen is broken down into glucose when cell energy is low

Another way that glucose may be metabolized, uses NADP+ as coenzyme and occurs in the cytoplasm.

Generates: NADPH (required for fatty acid synthesis), glutathione (GSH),

Ribose (nucleotide synthesis)

When energy is low in the cell, triglycerides are broken down into fatty acids by this.

This yields acetyl CoA which can be broken down in the central pathway

ex: dehydrogenase, oxidase, and oxygenase

catalyze redox reactions in which there es transfer of O, H, or atoms from one substrate to another.

Coenzymes: NAD+, NADP+, FAD

Involves oxidation and removal of COOH (carboxyl group as CO2.

Transferase enzymes

Common name for enzyme that catalyze phosphorylation reactions is what?

trasnfer a functional group from one molecule to another. (P to ATP)

Common name for enzyme that catalyze phosphorylation reactions is kinase

Hydrolase enzymes

What are hydrolases that break specific peptide bonds between amino acids in a protein? (1)

2. What breaks bonds between carbs (mono and polysaccharides?

3. Hydrolases that break phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides in nucleic acids

4. Breaks esters between fatty acids

Catalyze reactions where water is used to break bonds in larger molecules to yield monomers (C-C, C-O).

1. Proteases such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, and clotting factors

2. amyalse

3. nucleases

4. ligases

class of enzymes that join two molecules together using energy from ATP or another nucleotide

CO2 addition = carboxylase in carboxylation

CO2 elimination= decarboxylase in decarboxylation