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superficial fascia—deepest region;
consists of subcutaneous layer deep to skin (not technically part of skin)
made up of mostly adipose tissue |
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Protects-underlying tissues and organs
Excretes- salts, water, and organic wastes (glands)
Maintains- body temperature (insulation and evaporation)
Synthesizes- vitamin D3, melanin, & keratin
Stores- lipids
Detects- touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
Blood Reservoir-- 5% of blood held in skin |
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Keratinocytes—produce fibrous protein keratin
Melanocytes- 10–25% of cells in lower epidermis produce pigment melanin
Epidermal dendritic (Langerhans) cells—macrophages that help activate immune system
Tactile (Merkel) cells—touch receptors |
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| thick skin vs. thin skin (layer cell difference) |
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| Stratum Basale - (basal layer) |
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Definition
Deepest epidermal layer firmly attached to the dermis
Single row of stem cells
Also called stratum germinativum: cells undergo rapid division
Journey from basal layer to surface
Takes 25–45 days |
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| finger prints; caused by sweat glands |
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| Stratum Spinosum - (Prickly Layer) |
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Cells contain a weblike system of intermediate pre-keratin filaments attached to desmosomes
Abundant melanin granules and dendritic cells |
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| Stratum Granulosum - (Granular Layer) |
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Definition
Thin; three to five cell layers in which the cells flatten
Keratohyaline and lamellar granules accumulate |
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| Stratum Lucidum - (Clear Layer) |
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Definition
In thick skin only
Thin, transparent band superficial to the stratum granulosum
A few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes |
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| Stratum Corneum - (Horny Layer) |
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Definition
20–30 rows of dead, flat, keratinized membranous sacs
Three-quarters of the epidermal thickness
Functions
Protects from abrasion and penetration
Waterproofs
Barrier against biological, chemical, and physical assaults
can peal off in thick sheets - dandruff |
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- 10–25% of cells in lower epidermis
- Produce pigment melanin & protect against damage *malignant melanoma involves these cells |
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- produce fibrous protein keratin
- connected my desmosomes |
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| fibrous protein produced by keratinocytes |
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| waterproofing, repellence, stores lipids |
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Water excreted by sweat glands
Dehydration results:
from damage to stratum corneum (e.g., burns and blisters [insensible perspiration])
from immersion in hypertonic solution (e.g., seawater [osmosis]) |
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| Interstitial fluid lost by evaporation through stratum corneum |
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| Skin color - related to melanin, melatonin, melanocytes |
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| yellow; caused by high levels in blood of a chemical bilirubin. |
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| incredibly tan everywhere; produces melanin too much |
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white splotches; melanocytes being lost - immune system attacks melanocytes
effects 1% of the population worldwide |
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Strong, flexible connective tissue
Cells include fibroblasts, macrophages, and occasionally mast cells and white blood cells |
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| Areolar connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers and blood vessels |
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Capillary loops
Meissner’s corpuscles
Free nerve endings |
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Definition
An inflammation of the papillary layer
Caused by infection, radiation, mechanical irritation, or chemicals (e.g., poison ivy)
Characterized by itch or pain |
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~80% of the thickness of dermis
Collagen fibers provide strength and resiliency
Elastic fibers provide stretch-recoil properties |
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| accessory structures of the skin |
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Hairs and hair follicles
Oil glands
Sweat glands
Nails
*derived from the epidermis |
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| Understanding hair figures with respect to function |
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Definition
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Consists of dead keratinized cells
Contains hard keratin; more durable than soft keratin of skin |
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| melanins (yellow, rust, brown, black) |
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| What causes gray or white hair? |
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Definition
| decreased melanin production with age and increased air bubbles in shaft |
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Alerting the body to presence of insects on the skin
Guarding the scalp against physical trauma, heat loss, and sunlight |
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| Entire surface except palms, soles, lips, nipples, and portions of external genitalia |
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Extends from the epidermal surface into dermis
Two-layered wall: outer connective tissue root sheath, inner epithelial root sheath |
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Definition
expanded deep end or base of follicle
Hair papilla
Hair matrix |
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Definition
Root hair plexus*
Sensory nerve endings around each hair bulb
Stimulated by bending a hair |
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Definition
Smooth muscle attached to follicle
Responsible for “goose bumps” |
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| pale, fine body hair of children and adult females |
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| coarse, long hair of eyebrows, scalp, axillary, and pubic regions (and face and neck of males) |
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Definition
Growth phase (weeks to years) followed by regressive stage and resting phase (1–3 months)
Growth phase varies (6–10 years in scalp, 3–4 months in eyebrows) |
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| hair thinning in both sexes after age 40 |
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Genetically determined and sex-influenced condition
Male pattern baldness is caused by follicular response to DHT |
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Definition
Widely distributed
Most develop from hair follicles
Become active at puberty |
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Definition
Oily holocrine secretion
Bactericidal
Softens hair and skin |
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| Types of Sweat Glands (2) |
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Definition
Apocrine sweat glands
Eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands |
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Definition
confined to axillary and anogenital areas
produce Sebum: sweat + fatty substances and proteins (merocrine secretion)
Ducts connect to hair follicles
*Functional from puberty onward (as sexual scent glands?) |
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| Eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands |
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Definition
bundant on palms, soles, and forehead
Sweat: 99% water, NaCl, vitamin C, antibodies, dermcidin, metabolic wastes
Ducts connect to pores
*Function in thermoregulation |
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| Cerumen production in ear canal lining |
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Autonomic Nervous System
Thermoregulation |
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Definition
1. Basal cell carcinoma
2. Squamous cell carcinoma
3. Melanoma |
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| Least malignant, most common; effects stratum basale (basal layer) |
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| Second most common; effects stratum spinosum (prickly layer) |
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| Most dangerous; cancerous melanocytes |
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| Characteristics of Melanoma |
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Definition
Characteristics (ABCD rule)
A: Asymmetry; the two sides of the pigmented area do not match
B: Border exhibits indentations
C: Color is black, brown, tan, and sometimes red or blue
D: Diameter is larger than 6 mm (size of a pencil eraser) |
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| caused by reduced amount of elastin in skin with age |
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Tearing of dermis due to excessive stretching
mostly with pregnancy and obesity |
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| Cause and effect of burns |
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Definition
causes: Heat, electricity, radiation, certain chemicals
effect: tissue damage, denatured protein, cell death |
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| Immediate threat of burns |
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Definition
| Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, leading to renal shutdown and circulatory shock |
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First Degree Burn
*partial thickness burn |
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Definition
Epidermal damage only
Localized redness, edema (swelling), and pain |
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Second degree Burn
*partial thickness burn |
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Definition
Epidermal and upper dermal damage
Blisters appear |
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Characteristics of Third Degree Burn
*full thickness burn |
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Definition
- Entire thickness of skin damaged
- Gray-white, cherry red, or black
- No initial edema or pain (nerve endings destroyed)
- Skin grafting usually necessary |
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>25% of the body has second-degree burns
>10% of the body has third-degree burns
Face, hands, or feet bear third-degree burns |
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| Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) |
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Definition
- Is a powerful peptide growth factor
- Is produced by glands (salivary and duodenum)
- Is used in laboratories to grow skin grafts |
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Definition
Promotes- division of germinative cells
Accelerates - keratin production
Stimulates - epidermal repair
Stimulates - glandular secretion |
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- Epidermal thinning
- Decreased numbers of dendritic (Langerhans) cells
- Decreased vitamin D3 production
- Decreased melanocyte activity
- Decreased glandular activity (sweat and oil glands) |
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Definition
- Reduced blood supply
- Decreased function of hair follicles
- Reduction of elastic fibers
- Decreased hormone levels
- Slower repair rate |
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| Importance of the Integumentary System |
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Definition
Protects and interacts with all organ systems
Changes in skin appearance are used to diagnose disorders in other systems |
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| Epidermal dendritic (Langerhans) cells |
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Definition
| macrophages that help activate immune system |
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