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| Polish astronomer, physician, and minister remembered as the founder of a scientific revolution marked by the belief that the sun rather than the Earth is the center of the solar system. |
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| The study of theories of the nature of the universe including the relations of Earth to the rest of the solar system. |
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-Broad-ranging Renaissance scholar who was an artistic genius, engineer, sculptor, and architect.
-He is remembered for his careful studies of human anatomy and his artistic skill in capturing human emotions. |
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| Italian astronomer and physicist remembered for improving the telescope and using it systematically in the observation of the solar system. |
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| -Literally, earth centered.
-Generally refers to the ancient view of Ptolemy that the earth is the center of the solar system. |
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| -Literally, sun centered.
-Typically refers to the work of Nicolaus Copernicus who taught that the sun is the center of the solar system. |
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| One of the first to wirte on the subjects of individual differences, aptitude, and temperament. |
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| Generally refers to books forbidden by the Catholic church because they were regarded as dangerous to faith and morality. |
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-Refers to various means of raising money practiced by the Catholic church prior to the Reformation.
-Generally involved payment of money in exchange for a spiritual favor. |
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| German astronomer and mathematician who discovered the elliptical or oval-shaped motions of the planets. |
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-The founder of the Reformation and leader of the Protestant movement.
-Contributed to the growth of the empirical spirit by advancing the doctrine of the individual priesthood of the believer, in which people have the right to read and interpret scriptures for themselves. |
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-Refers to the application of the principles set forth by Niccolò Machiavelli.
-Sometimes implies amoral, manipulative attitudes, but strictly speaking, such an implication is a corruption of the teachings of Machiavelli. |
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-Founder of modern political science and modern military science.
-One of the first to emphasize the importance of socialization and the techniques for molding public opinion. He advocated the utility of a descriptive social science. |
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| Late Renaissance scholar who launched a powerful and influential attack on human knowledge. His skepticism was to have a strong influence on Francis Bacon and René Descartes. He also speculated on a number of psychological topics such as how to rear children, education, motivation, and emotion. |
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| Radical Renaissance epistemologist who argued that observational studies should replace old scholastic techniques and blind allegiance to authority. |
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| Italian poet, scholar, and moralist who was a founder of Renaissance humanism. |
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| Egyptian astronomer, geographer, and mathematician known for an early geocentric cosmology that was widely accepted for over 1,400 years. |
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| A sixteenth-century religious movement founded by Martin Luther and motivated by an attempt to reform the Catholic Church. Luther's failure to bring about the changes he desired ultimately led to a major split in the church and the beginnings of Protestantism. |
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| -Literally, rebirth.
-That period in history from approximately 1300 to 1600 marked by the rediscovery of Greek classics, a new interest in mathematics, expanding geographic knowledge, and a wider epistemology. |
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| Refers to a new interest in human affairs. It manifested in art as the subject shifted from theological figures to human figures and in music as the subject shifted from the sacred to the secular. In science there was a new interest in physiologic al and anatomical studies and a general new focuss on topics of human concern. |
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-Late Renaissance writer who emphasized the wisdom of moderation.
-Was one of the first to understand the role of emotions in physical and psychological health. |
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-A Renaissance scholar remembered for his work on the kinesthetic and muscle senses.
-One of the first to emphasize the role of the musculature in cognitive and affective processes. |
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-Physician and anatomist known for his empirical approach to anatomy based on actual dissections.
-He revolutionized the study of the human body much as Renaissance explorers such as Columbus and Magellan revolutionized knowledge of geography. |
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| Spanish humanist who advocated an empirical approach to psychology. His book De Anima et Vita is a rich source of Renaissance thought on psychological topics. |
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