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| organism with cells less omplex and organized compared to eukaryotic organism's cells; no distinct, membrane-bound nucleus, DNA is scattered throughout the cell and can easily be damaged/bacteria |
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| Organism with cells more complex and organized compared to prokaryotic organism's cells; distinct, membrane-bound nucleus with DNA inside/humans |
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| Binomial nomenclature/What are the rules? |
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| A system for naming living organisms by their two parts Latin name(1st part-genus, 2nd part-specific specie)/The name of the genus must be capitalized and the name of the specie must be loer-cased, the entire name is underlined |
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| What are the 7 cattegories for the classification of living things in order from broadest to narrowest? |
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| Kingdom, Phylom, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Specie |
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| How did first life forms emerge, based on Miller's and Uriy's experiment? |
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| cloud of cosmic dust condensed into planet Earth, liquified due to heat of radoiactive decaying elements in its interior and meteorite collisions. Volcanic eruptions omitted water vapors and other gases(not O2), Lightning, UV caused the molecules to form organic molecules(carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, RNA, and finally- PROTOCELLS OR ORGANELLES), protocells got trapped by phospholipids and started to function together in a CELL |
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| Types of lipids, main components of biological membranes |
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| Abiogensis/Who first suggested such idea?/Who proved it true through experimentation? |
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| Belief that life comes from the chemical synthesis(combination of 2 or more elements to form something new)/Oparin/ Miller and Uriy |
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| What was Miller's and Uriy's experiment? |
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Definition
| They collected all the gases present in the early atmosphere(not O2) and caused them to react by striking them with lightning from electrodes. Amino acids were produced, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids-RNA, and finally protocells |
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| What was Miller's and Uriy's experiment? |
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Definition
| They collected all the gases present in the early atmosphere(not O2) and caused them to react by striking them with lightning from electrodes. Amino acids were produced, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids-RNA, and finally protocells |
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| Theory of Endosymbotic Evolution/Who suggested it? |
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| The belief that protocells(organelles) got trapped by phospholipids and started to function together through symbiosis in a cell. Prokaryotic cells(Anaerobic Prokaryotes) evolved from the early protocells and Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells./Lynn Margulis |
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| Evolution of organisms in order |
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Definition
| Early protocells -> anaerobic prokaryotes in sea -> photosynthetic cyanobacteria(1st photosynthetic cells, which built up O2 level and caused the formation of ozone-protection from UV light)-> eukaryotes in sea -> invertibrates in sea -> vertibrates in sea-> green plants on land -> amphibians and insects on land -> reptiles-> mammals -> humans |
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| Fossil record is incomplete because |
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| Some fossils decomposed, some life forms were totally organic leaving no fossialized evidence at all |
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| In fossils DNA is ________ __ ________ |
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| small genetic changes that occur within a population of species/Natural selection, mutations |
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| Three necessary conditions for natural selection to occur |
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Definition
-genetic variation between members of species
-the trait must enable individuals to survive better and reproduce more offspring (differential reproduction)than other members of the population
-the traits must be passed on to offspring |
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| inheriting a trait that enables better suvival and reproduction |
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| Are adaptations 1.- the sources of new genes or is it 2.-limited to genes already present among population? Name the alternative. |
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| How is adaptation worthwile? |
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| All organisms in a population without that beneficial trait may die before enough organisms with the trait reproduce, but all-the same, organisms have to die and become infertile for that specific trait to become common |
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| Process in which an alleles or alleles for specific beneficiary trait become more common(frequent) in gene pool or among population |
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| Summarize the moth microevolution |
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Definition
*England
*High # of light moth, camouflaged by lichen, and low # of dark moth
*Mid 1800's- industrial revolution=POLLUTION
*Air quality diminishing/no laws restricting pollution
*Tree Lichen, sensitive to pollution, die
* Light-colored moth less common because of lack of lichen camouflage, dark moth number increase |
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Definition
| random and rare changes in DNA as NEW GENES are formed in genetic pool because of a)mistakes that occur during reproduction, DNA copied wrong b)as resoult of mutagens(UV light, X-rays, certain chemicals-pollutants) |
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| What are the three types of natural selection |
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| directional,stabilizing, and diversifying or disruptive |
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| What is directional natural selection |
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| Process by which one of the extremes(less common traits) becomes common and the normal/average(common trait) becomes less frequent |
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| What is stabilizing natural selection |
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Definition
| Process by which the Normal or average trait(common trait) remains the Normal or average(common trait) as organisms are well adapted |
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| What's diversifying/disruptive natural selection |
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| Process by which both extremes(less common traits) become common and normal/average trait(common trait) becomes less frequent within gene pool |
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| when 2 organisms interact(prey& predator or assistants) and cause each other's microevolution |
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| Define niche and include ex's |
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| the role an organism plays in nature(what does it do?)for ex.- pollinator, prey, predator...and its way of life for ex.-range of tolerance, resources it uses and how, interaction with living and non-living parts of an ecosystem,place it takes in energy pyramid, and how does it recycle matter |
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| Why is examining a species' niche important? |
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| judge the environmental changes we make in the ecosystem of the organism and prevent the organism's exinction |
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| the full range of physical, chemical, and biological conditions and resources a specie could use if competition didn't exist |
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| Species only occupy a portion of its fundamental niche to survive and avoid competition for the same resources |
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| Characterize generalist species/ex's |
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Definition
Broad niches
-live in many places
-eat a variety of food
- tolerate wide changes of environmental conditions/cockroaches, rats, flies, humans, racoons |
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| characterize specialist species/ex's |
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Definition
narrow niche
-only in one type of habitat
-only one food source
-toleration for only narrow range of climate conditions
Polar bears, giant panda, red-cockaded woodpecker |
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| are the specialist or generalist species more prone to extinction? |
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| Large scale(compiled) evolutionary changes(mutations+natural selection) that lead the appearance of new species |
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| What are two types of macroevolution |
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| speciation(divergent evolution), convergent |
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| explain speciation(divergent evolution) |
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Definition
| Development of 2 new species from one specie as a result of many natural selections(reproductive isolation) that occur to help the organisms survive in the region, when natural barrier divides the specie polpulation , isolating the two groups in two different regions,(geographical isolation) and mutations(reproductive isolation) that further individualize the two isolated groups of the same population:two different species now that can't interbreed |
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| DNA is ________ in comparison between two emerged species from one in the speciation |
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| convergent macroevolution |
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Definition
| Process by which organisms of different taxonomic classes(phylum or class) develop resemblence fue to adaptation to the similar environment |
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| What examples of natural barriers can cause isolation between organisms of the same specie in divergent evolution? |
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Definition
| volcano, river, mountain range, road |
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| r-selected species/type of specie |
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| species that have high population growth because they reproduce early and quickly and in large numbers(generalist niche) |
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| k-slected species/type of specie |
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| Have lower population growth rate in comparison to r-selected species because of late reproduction age, reproduction not being rapid, and few offspring/specialist |
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| Which species have higher ability ro compete? |
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| specialist/k-selected species |
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| lOW-RATE Extinction of local species that occurrs due to changes in local environment's CONDITIONS(affects small area) |
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| A SHORT-term extinction of major groups of species(25-70%) that occurrs as a result of GLOBAL change in environmental conditions |
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| Scientists predict that __% of all species ever existant are now extinct |
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| How long do species last? |
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| Extinction of one species is the _________for other(new) species |
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| Period(millions of years) in which new species develop, spread, and occupy the vacant niches after mass extinction |
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| Extinctions _______ biodiversity, but create ______________________________ |
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| reduce, opportunities for new organisms -> further speciation |
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| Why can't genetic engineering cannot replace lost species |
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Definition
| Genetic engineering is the technique used to rearrange the DNA of an organisms by transferring genes from another, it doesn't create new genes- the genes not present today, but present earlier- the genes of lost species |
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| explain punctuated equilibrium hypotheses |
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| organisms live undisturbed for a million years(no change occurs), catastrophic event occurs resulting in a lot of organisms adapting, continuous cycle... |
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| explain gradualist hypotheses |
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| change in organisms never stops, it continuous and slow |
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