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| an action that is the response to a stimulus |
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| the study of how organisms respond to particular stimuli from their environments |
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| Ernst Mayer's 2 types of biological causation |
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Definition
1. proximate causation: how actions occur in terms of the genetic, neurological, hormonal, & skeletal-muscular mechanisms involved
2. ultimate causation: why actions occur based on their evolutionary consequences & history |
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| fixed action patterns/FAPs |
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Definition
| highly inflexible, stereotyped behavior patterns |
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| behaviors that require no learning; inherited behaviors |
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| an enduring change in behavior that results from a specific experience in an individual's life |
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| animals appear to weigh the costs & benefits of responding to a particular situation in terms of their impact on fitness |
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| seeking food in a way that maximizes feeding efficiency (maximizes the amount of usable energy taken in while minimizing the costs of finding/ingesting the food & risk of dying while foraging) |
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| 3 categories of animal navigation when migrating |
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Definition
1. piloting: using familiar landmarks
2. compass orientation: movement oriented in a specific direction
3. true navigation/map orientation: locating a specific place on Earth's surface |
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Definition
| maintains a 24-hour rhythm of chemical activity in organisms |
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| any process in which a signal from one individual modifies the behavior of a recipient individual |
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| any information-containing behavior or characteristic |
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| behavior that has a fitness cost to the individual exhibiting the behavior & a fitness benefit to the recipient of the behavior |
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Definition
altruistic behavior is more likely when:
1. the fitness benefits are high for the recipient
2. the altruist & the recipient are close relatives
3. the fitness costs to the altruist are low |
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Definition
| the combination of direct fitness (derived form an individual's offspring) & indirect fitness (derived from helping relatives produce more offspring than they could produce on their own) |
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| the natural selection that acts through benefits to relatives at the expense of the individual |
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Term
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Definition
| an exchange of fitness benefits that are separated in time; helping individuals that have either helped them in the past or are likely to help them in the future |
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