Term
| Fluid/electrolyte imbalance in infants and young children |
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Definition
-faster respiratory rate
-higher % ECF (40% ECF, 35% ICF-infants...20% ECF in adults
-immature renal function
-immature esophageal sphincter
-higher rate of peristalsis |
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Term
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Definition
fluid found within the cells of the body
-2/3 of the total body fluid in adults |
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Term
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Definition
fluid found outside cells
-intravascular fluid (plasma)
-interstitial fluid
-transcellular fluid |
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Term
| Intravascular Fluid (Plasma) |
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Definition
found in the vasculature (blood vessels)
-20% of ECF |
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Term
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Definition
fluid that surrounds the cells
-75% of ECF |
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Term
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Definition
| Cerebrospinal, pericardial, pancreatic, pleural, intraocular, bilary, peritoneal, and synovial fluids |
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Term
Body Fluids
1 pound = ______ml |
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Definition
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Term
| the most abundant cation in the ECF |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| functions largely in controlling and regulating water balance |
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Definition
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Term
| found in bacon, ham, processed cheese, and table salt |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| needed for skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle activity |
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Definition
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Term
| found in many fruit and vegetables |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| mainly found in the skeletal system |
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Definition
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Term
| regulates muscle contraction and relaxation, neuromuscular function, and cardiac function |
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Definition
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Term
| found in milk and milk products |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| the major anion of the ECF |
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Definition
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Term
| regulates water balance along with Na+ |
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Definition
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Term
| found in the same foods as Na+ |
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Definition
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Term
| Factors affecting Body Fluid and electrolyte balance |
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Definition
age
sex
body size
environmental temperature
lifestyle (stress, alcohol, exercise) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
excessive sweating
clients on diuretics
vomiting
diarrhea
NG suction
anorexia
impaired swallowing
active participant sports (marathon)
fever |
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Term
FVD
clinical manifestations |
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Definition
weight loss
dry tongue and mucus membranes
low blood pressure
decreased urine output
poor skin turgor
confusion
weak rapid pulse
low temperature |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
clients on high Na+ IV solutions at a fast rate or high Na+ diets
clients with heart failure, renal failure, or cirrhosis of liver |
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Term
FVE
clinical manifestations |
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Definition
weight gain
full bounding pulse
high BP
moist crackles (rales) in lungs
edema lower extremities
ascites- accumulation of fluid in abdomen
distended neck veins
mental confusion |
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Term
low serum sodium
Na+<135 mEq/L |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-excess perspiration
-excess use of diuretics
-excess water replacement with drinking large amounts of water or IV D5W (water intoxiacation) |
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Term
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Definition
-monitor I and O and serum Na+ level
-assess clinical signs and vital signs
-administer Na+ IV solutions as ordered
-encourage high Na+ foods |
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Term
Hyponatrenia
clinical manifestations |
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Definition
-lethargy, confusion, apprehension
-muscle twitching
-abdominal cramps
-anorexia, nausea, vomiting
-headache
-seizures, coma
-malaise, general discomfort
<115-120 seizure activity |
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Term
high serum sodium
>145 mEq/L |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-decreased water intake
-heatstroke
-fever
-excess intake of salt
-overuse of salt tablets or sodium bicarb
-saline IV solutions
-diarrhea |
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Term
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Definition
-monitor I and O and serum Na+ level
-encourage fluids and IV solutions as ordered
-sodium restricted diet as ordered |
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Term
Hypernatremia
clinical manifestations |
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Definition
-thirst
-dry, sticky mucous membranes
-reddened tongue (dry and swollen)
-weakness
-postural hypotension, dyspnea
-severe disorientation, convulsions |
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Term
low serum potassium
<3.5 mEq/L |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-vomiting
-NG suction
-diarrhea
-use of diuretics
-K+ free IV solutions
-poor intake of K+ rich foods
-alcoholics
-anorexics
-starvation |
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Term
Hypokalemia
clinical manifestations |
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Definition
-muscle weakness, leg cramps
-fatigue, lethargy
-anorexia, vomiting, nausea
-decreased bowel motility
-cardiac dysrhythmias
-depressed deep-tendon reflexes |
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Term
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Definition
| avocado, raw carrot, baked potato, raw tomato, spinach, beef , cod, pork, veal, dried fruits, banana, apricot, cantaloupe, orange, milk, OJ, apricot nectar |
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Term
high serum potassium
>5.0 mEq/L |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-excess K+ replacement from IV or oral K+
-excess K+ containing salt substitutes
-renal failure
-massive crushing injuries, burns, trauma, infection (K+ spills out into plasma) |
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Term
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Definition
-closely monitor cardiac status
-avoid K+ rich foods
-hold K+ supplements |
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Term
Hyperkalemia
clinical manifestations |
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Definition
-diarrhea
-irritability, confusion
-cardiac dysrhythmias or arrest
-muscle weakness, areflexia
-paresthesis |
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Term
Normal Electrolyte Values for Adults
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Calcium (total)
Calcium (ionized)
Magnesium
Phosphate
Serum osmolality |
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Definition
Sodium 135-145 mEq/L
Potassium 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Chloride 95-108 mEq/L
Calcium (total) 4.5-5.5 mEq/L or 8.5-10.5 mg/dL
Calcium (ionized) 56% of total calcium (2.5 mEq/L or 4.0-5.0 mg/dL)
Magnesium 1.5-2.5mEq/L or 1.6-2.5 mg/dL
Phosphate 1.8-2.6 mEq/L ot 2.5-4.5 mg/dL
Serum osmolality 280-300 mOsm/kg water |
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Term
| low serum Ca++ < 4.5 mEq/L or 8.5 mg/dL |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-surgical removal of parathyroid gland,
-vitamin D deficiency
-acute pancreatitis
-thyroid cancer |
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Term
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Definition
-closely monitor respiratory and cardiac status
-administer oral or IV Ca++ as ordered
-teach about osteoporosis prevention |
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Term
Hypocalcemia
clinical manifestations |
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Definition
-muscle tremors, cramps
-cardiac dysrhythmias
-numbness/tingling of extremities and around mouth
-positive Trousseau's and Chvostek's signs
-confusion, anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| contraction of the facial muscles in response to tapping the facial nerve in front of the ear |
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Term
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Definition
| carpal spasm in response to inflating a blood pressure cuff on the upper arm to 20 mmHg greater than the systolic pressure for 2-5 minutes |
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Term
high serum Ca++ level
> 5.5 mEq/L or 10.5 mg/dL |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-prolonged immobilization
-parathyroid tumor
-bone malignancy
-excess intake of calcium containing antacids or supplements |
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Term
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Definition
-increase activity as ordered
-encourage oral fluids
-limit foods high in calcium or calcium supplements |
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Term
Hypercalcemia
clinical manifestations |
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Definition
-lethargy, weakness
-depressed deep-tendon reflexes
-anorexia, nausea, vomiting
-constipation
-polyuria
-hypercalcuria |
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Term
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Definition
| when individuals are in a healthy state, their fluid output should be approximately the same as their fluid intake |
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Term
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Definition
oral fluids
ice chips
liquid foods
tube feedings
parenteral fluids
intravenous meds
catheter or tube irrigants |
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Term
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Definition
urinary output
vomitus
liquid feces
tube drainage
wound drainage |
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Term
Intravenous Solutions
Lactated Ringer's |
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Definition
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Term
Intravenous Solutions
Normal Saline (0.9% NaCl) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Intravenous Solutions
0.45 Sodium Chloride |
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Definition
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Term
Intravenous Solutions
D5 in 0.45% Sodium Chloride |
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Definition
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Term
Intravenous Solutions
D5 in 0.9% Sodium Chloride |
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Definition
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Term
Intravenous Solutions
3% Nacl |
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Definition
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