catabolic reactions ( catabolism)

anabolic reactions (anabolism

Catabolic rx: chemical reactions that result in the breakdown of more complex organic molecules into simpler substances.

  -Catabolic reactions usually release energy that is used to drive chemical reactions.

Anabolism refers to chemical reactions in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex molecules.  Anabolic reactions usually require energy.

Anabolic reactions build new molecules and/or store energy.

The energy of catabolic reactions is used to drive anabolic reactions.

•   selective media - contain compounds that selectively inhibit growth of some microbes, but not others ( abx resistance is an example)

•   differential media- contain an INDICATOR usually a dye that detects particular chemical reactions occurring during growth

uniqueness of MacConkey agar

how does these components relate to both selective and differential medias??***

has properties of both selective and differential media

contains (bile, salt lactose, peptone)

bile kills gram(+), allowing G(-) to grow

•    ecoli + fermentation --> lactic acid -->lactic acid produces a media ph<7 (acidic) causing it to turn pink

-

-salmanella does not have fermentation ability, instead it uses peptone--> Producing ammonia (pH>7)  no color change

SUMMARY

of MacConkey agar

- recap- E-coli; uses fermentation of lactose producing lactic acid--> low ph -->pink

•   

-recap- Salmanella--> uses peptone--> produce ammonia--> high ph --> same color

•    application of medias:  KNOWWW

pure culture- only a single kind of microbe **

conta

•   **- absence of ALL microorganisms including viruses (not very possible lysol)

manipulations to prevent contamination of sterile objects or microbial cultures during handling( an example is flame loop which sterilizes the environment by creating heat which causes hot air to rise removing contaminates/ clean bench is another technique/ you don't want to wear short pants and sandals should not be worn) 

§ change in free energy during a reaction under standard conditions (pH 7, 25°C, 1 atm, all reactants and products at 1 M concentration) is referred to as DG^o′

a spontaneous reaction, energy is released

EXERGONIC

§ (G_f^o; the energy released or required during formation of a given molecule from the elements)

what are some of the most important vitamins

LOOK IN BOOK

prosthetic groups== bind permentantly

coenzymes- loosely bound to enzymes (vitamins)

oxidatized

reduced

loses E

gains e-

difference in reduction potential between donor and acceptor, redox couples

farther the seperation higher the *reduction potential*

reduced substance in redox couple, top of tower greatest tendency to accept e- (morre positive the top--> heaven)

prosthetic

coenzyme

prosthetic is like a fake arm "installed"

coenzyme is cooperating but will go opposite way

know NAD/H cycle pg 120

enzyme helps nad and e- donor come together to form NADH, NADH needs enzyme and e- acceptor to return to NAD

redox tower will be on the test: will be asked which of the two reactions will be a stronger redox reaction

4 E rich compounds and E stoarge

PEP ATP ADP AMP

coenzyme A( catly Co A)

process of deriving energy from the oxidation of organic compounds, such as carbohydrates, and using an endogenous electron acceptor, which is usually an organic compound

ATP synthesize from E rich intermediate PEP

oxidative phospho

ATO is prod from PMF using inorganic e- donors

glycolysis no e- acceptor in fermentation

(Embden meyerhof paythway)- common pathway for fermentation of glycuse --> pyruvate

product of glycolysis

net product

gucose --> two molecules of pyruvate. + generates two molecules of adenosine triphosphate  +two molecules of NADH

4 total atp but 2 is used = 2 net ATP

One glucose molecule --> 2 pyruvate--> two ethanol molecules +two carbon dioxide molecules:

2 atps

2 lactates

NO CO2

does substrate phosphorylation use PMF?

[image]

1. Nadh accepts 2HE(two boys) passes to
2. Flavored icecream (two boys
3. flavored icecream machine gives 2e- to magical quarter, which powers the chrome car --> CHrom car C
4. H at each of the steps are send to extracellular matric to produce PMF

electron transport carriers

1. NADH dehydrogenases
2. flavoproteins
3. FEs proteins
4. cytochromes
5. nonprotein: quinones
6. fes

protons originate from from NADH and dissociation of water,

(-) +

generation of pMF

(Oxidative phosphorylation requires PMF)

1. C1: NADH donates 2he to flavored protein
2. C2:Flavored protein donates e to succinate dehydrogenase, succinate feeds 2 H from FADH directuly to quinane pool
3. C3: Cytochrome C bc1 donates e- from quinones to Cytochrome c, CC c shuttles transfers e to cyto a and b
4. C5: ***Cytochrome C is an independent enzyme last in process- provides e- to o2 to produce H2O,  in TEA
5. ATP synthase comverts PMF -->ATP

know ORDER OF ETC

- KNOW COMPONENTS

- KNOW ENZYMES

-KNOW PRODUCTS

KNOW CITRIC ACID CYCLE

-NUMBER OF PRODUCTS OF EACH

- FUNCTION FOR etc

KNOW GLYCOLYSIS

-FUNCTION

-ALTERNATIVE

-PRODUCTS OF EACH NET AND TOTAL

-SPECIFIC ENZYMES

Overall glucose tally sheet

Glycolysis

Output Total

2 ATP in 4 ATP ------> 2 ATP

2 NADH ------> 6 ATP

or ------> 4 ATP

Krebs Acid Cycle output per glyccose molecule

8 NADH

2 FADH₂

2 ATP ------> 2 ATP

 

1 pyruvate- 4 NAD + 1 FADH2

Electron Transport Chain + ATP synthetase

3 X 8 NADH ------> 24 ATP

2 X 2 FADH₂ -----> 4 ATP

TOTAL

36 or 38 ATPs per Glucose

1. catabolism

2. biosynthesis (anabolism)

of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units.^[1] These reactions require energy.

provides carbon skeleton for use in biosynthesis

1. alpha- ketooglutarate
2. oxaloacetate - precursors of several amino acids
3. oaa also converted to PEP energy soure
4. succinyl coA- required for synthesis of cytochromes and chlorophyll
5. acetyl co A- needed for fatty acid biosynthesis

differences between fermentation and anaerobic respiration

usually prokaryotic for anaerobic resp

both do not use o2,

fermentation- e producing process

anaerobic- orm of respiration using electron acceptors other than oxygen. Although oxygen is not used as the final electron acceptor, the process still uses a respiratory electron transport chain; it is respiration without oxygen. In order for the electron transport chain to function, an exogenous final electron acceptor must be present to allow electrons to pass through the system (more expensive Energetically) ferm preferred

aerobic respiration and fermentation are two distinct forms of oxygen-independent energy metabolism. In anaerobic (and also aerobic) respiration, organisms channel electrons from an electron donor to a final electron acceptor through an electron transport chain, which converts the chemical energy into an electrochemical gradient. The energy stored in this gradient is then used in a second reaction by ATP synthase to generate ATP. In fermentation, ATP is directly synthesized from phosphorylated intermediates of metabolized compounds without the involvement of an electron transport chain. As there is no external electron acceptor in fermentation, cells have to produce their own electron acceptor to maintain their redox balance.

chemolithotroph

difference b/w chemorganotroph

able to use inorganic chemicals as electron donors, usu aerobic  have ETC, and PMF

org- gets Carbon for biosynthesis from gluose acetate etc

litho gets it from CO2  (like autotroph)