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found on palms of hands and soles of feet, contains 5 layers
about 0.5 mm |
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covers most of body
4 layers
missing stratum lucidum
0.08 mm |
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| Order of cell layers from basement membrane toward the free surface |
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Definition
Stratum Germinativum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Glanulosum
Stratum Lucidum (in thick skin)
Stratum Corneum |
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Definition
Deepest epidermal layer
also called stratum basale
firmly attached to basement membrane
forms epidermal ridges |
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| separates the epidermis from the loose connective tissue of the adjacent dermis |
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formed by stratum germinativum
extends to dermis which increases the area of contact between the two regions |
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| Dermal projections that extend upward between adjacent ridges. |
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| there are no blood vessels in the epidermis |
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Definition
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Definition
Large Stem Cells
dominate the stratum germinativum, making it the layer wehre new cells are generated and begin to grow
These cells replace cells lost or shed at the epithelial surface
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In stratum germinativum
Cells whose cytoplasmic processes extend bethween epithelial cells in this layer
Provide receptors that provide information about objects touching the skin
synthesize melanin |
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Term
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Definition
| Brown, yellow-brown, or black pigment that colors the epidermis. |
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| contains stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, and stratum lucidum |
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spiny layer (osum just added to make it sound smart)
when a cell divides, the resulting daughter cell enters the stratum spinosum, where it may continue to divide and make the epithelium thicker |
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Definition
grainy layer (osum added to make it sound smart)
consists of cells displaced from the stratum spinosum
cells stop dividing and make keratim |
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Definition
protein produced in stratum granulosum
water-resistant and durable
coats surface of skin
basic structure of hair, calluses, and nails |
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Definition
clear layer
in thick skin
covers the stratum granulosum
flattened, densely packed, and filled with keratin |
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Term
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Definition
most superficial layer of the epidermis
15-30 layers of flattened and dead epitherlial cells that have accumulated large anounts of keratin-keratinized or cronified cells |
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| manufacture and store melanin within intracellular vesicles |
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| ultraviolet (UV) radiation |
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Definition
stimulates synthesis of vitamin D3 in epidermis
too much causes burns
melanin helps prevent skin damage by absorbing uv radiation before it can damage nuclear DNA |
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| ratio of melanocytes to stem cells |
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Definition
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skin takes on bluish color
most apparent in lips, ears, or beneath the nails.
response to extreme cold, circulatory or respiratory disorders |
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Definition
converted from a cholesteral-related steroid by epidermal cells in the stratum spinosum and stratum germinativum
absorbed, modified, and released by the liver and then converted by kidneys into calcitriol. |
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| hormone essential for absorption of calcium and phosphorus by small intestine |
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Definition
most common skin cancer
originates in the stratum germinativum |
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Definition
| involve more superficial layers of epidermal cells |
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| 2 major components: superficial papillary layer and deeper reticular layer |
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named after dermal papillae
consists of loose connective tissue that suports and nourishes the epidermis
contains the capillaries and nerves supplying the surface of the skin |
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Definition
interwoven meshwork of dense irregular connective tissue
elastic and collagen fibers present
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subcutaneous layer
loose connective tissues with many fat cells
elastic
no vital organs and few capillaries |
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project above the surface of the skin almoste everywhere except the sides and soles of the feet, palms of hands, lides of fingers and toes, and lips dead cells that have been pushed to the surface
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| The organ where hair is produced |
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| peg of connective tissue containing capillaries and nerves |
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| the portion that anchors the hair into the skin |
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the part we see on the surface
consists of 3 layers of dead keratinized cells: cuticle, cortex, and medulla |
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Definition
| made up of an overlapping shingle-like layer of cells |
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makes up the core of the hair
contains flexible soft keratin |
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muscle extends from papillary dermis to connective tissue sheath that surrounds each hair follicle
causes hair to stand up |
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Oil glands
holocrine glands that discharge an oily lipid secretion into hair follicles or onto skin |
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| secretion that lubricates the skin and hair and inhabits the growth of bacteria. |
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eccrine sweat glands
coiled tubular glands that discharge their secretions directly onto the surface of the skin |
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| Keratinized epidermal cells that protect the tips of fingers and toes |
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dense mass of dead keratinized cells
covers the nail bed |
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| an area of epidermis covered by the nail body |
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an epithelial fold not visible from the surface
where nail production occurs |
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eponychium
formed by a portion of the stratum corneum of the fold extending over the exposed nail nearest the root |
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| pale crescent near the root |
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| blood clot that forms at the surface temporarily restores the integrity of the epidermis and restricts the entry of addtitional microorganisms |
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| combination of blood clot, fibroblasts, and extensive capillary network |
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| inflexible frbrous noncellular |
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thickened area of scar tissue covered by a shiny smooth epidermal surface
harmless |
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| blisters and very painful |
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| charred and no sensation at all |
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integument
two major components: Cutaneous membrane and accessory structures |
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skin
organ composed of the superficial apithelium and the underlying connective tissue (the epidermis and dermis) |
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| underlying connective tissues |
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| hair, nails, and a variety of exocrine glands |
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hypodermis
loose connective tissue
attaches the integument to deeper structures |
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Definition
| loose connective tissue of the subcutaneous layer |
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| 5 major functions of the integument |
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Definition
protection
temp. maintenance
synthesis and storage of nutrients
sensory reception
excretion and secretion |
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