Term
1. What contributes to each person’s unique attributes?
Gender, nurture, genes, environment. |
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Definition
| The biogenetic profile of each person contributes to his or her unique attributes |
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Term
| 1. What is the role of our genetic heritage in who we will become? |
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Definition
| It rarely determines what we will become. Instead, our genes push or influence us in certain directions. p. 80 |
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Term
| 1. Who we are or who we will become results from what three things? |
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Definition
| Our Genetic Heritage, the environment within which we grew up, and the individual choices each of us makes p. 80 |
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Term
| 1. According to Reiss in his 1995 publications using twins, what percent of antisocial behavior comes from genes and what percent from close environment? |
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Definition
| 60% from genes and 40% from close environments |
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Term
| 1. What is “a central idea” in the shifting worldview of the nature versus nurture controversy? |
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Definition
| Biobehavioral relationship interactions can be greatly changed by our social environment. Both of them affect the person, but they feel that it is more influenced by environment. Ex: the girl and boy toy issue, girls have dolls, boys have things that blow up. Environment can change your genetic make up. |
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Term
| 1. What was Booth et al.’s finding about the relationship between men’s testosterone levels and marital quality? |
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Definition
| The connection between testosterone and marital quality was controlled by how the man perceived his own stress overload. Perception of high stress coupled with high testosterone correlated with lower marital quality, but low perceived stress and high testosterone also correlated with low marital quality. p. 81 It is not a direct link! It is indirect, so when they feel stressed then their testosterone level goes UP and the marital quality goes down. High testosterone is associated with more aggression, more aggression, less lovely dovey, and a less happy marriage. |
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Term
| 1. What was the finding of D’Onofrio et al.’s study of twins’ three generation family and divorce? What did the researchers claim? |
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Definition
They found that these twin children who were raised with divorced parents were much
more likely to divorce themselves when they got married themselves. Researchers
claimed that although environment and personal choice were all important contributors,
something was passed along to the next generation that created potential problems with
relationships p. 82 POINT: although environment was important, something was passed genetically as well.... the qualities in a personality that would make someone divorced are passed down. Also, there is influence from environment as well: i.e. seeing an unhappy marriage falling out when your are a wee lass and not wanting to get married after. |
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Term
| 1. Understand the idea expressed in Principle 5.1 Genetics and Families. |
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Definition
Families are more effective and efficient when family members realize that individual
family members have different talents, respond to stress differently, and have different
abilities and skills that might be rooted in genetics. Some traits are inherited and we
need to pay attention to them too, this can increase the ability to succeed in relationships
p. 83 Same genetics but you don’t necessarily have to act the same. You are allowed to have different interests and ideas an passions though you share similar DNA. Just because you were raised a certain way does not mean that you have to act that way, you still have your agency. Ex: when you are raised outside of the church and then are converted, the way you live and act changes |
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Term
| 1. How do Brody & Ehrlichman define personality? |
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Definition
“those thoughts, feelings, desires, intentions, and actions that contribute to the important
aspects of individuality” |
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Term
| 1. What are the Big Five personality markers? Define what each means. OCEAN-below are the traits that apply to those who score high in that category (exception extroversion) |
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Definition
Openness:how open you are to experience, more creative and imaginative, seek variety
Conscientiousness: how organized you are, pre-plan most aspects of life, love sticky
notes and lists
Extroversion: extroverts: “work the crowd”, shake everyone’s hand, energized by
groups
introverts: quieter, solemn, restrained, talk to a small group at party
Agreeableness: warmhearted, trusting, kind, compassionate
Neuroticism: how much a person sees himself as emotional, anxious, and high-strung |
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Term
| 1. Keirsey suggests there is “one important message in the study of personality.” What is it? |
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Definition
it provides an important mechanism by which we can become more accepting and
approach relationships with greater generosity |
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Term
| 1. What does Keisey suggest each of us can learn? |
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Definition
| personality traits are neither good nor bad, they are just apart of our make-up |
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Term
| 1. How much do we change in core personality in our lifetime? |
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Definition
| only slightly in most cases |
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Term
| 1. What should be our “goal in relationships?” |
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Definition
| not to change our partners, but instead to understand them |
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Term
| 1. Keisey has two axioms the text author discusses. Thy are summarized in Principle 5.2 and Principle 5.3. Know, understand and be able to recognize and cite research in support of those principles. |
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Definition
Principle 5.2- Learning about another’s personality or temperament is best done in the
spirit of understanding. When we merely “tolerate” others, we lose the best part of
relationship strength.
Principle 5.3-When family members learn to embrace the rich diversity of human
personality, there is less contention, better problem solving, and more efficiency
in meeting desirable goals. Families struggle when members are told that who
they are is defective. |
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Term
| 1. Understand the role neuroticism plays in couple outcomes like violence, satisfaction, and sexual activity. |
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Definition
The higher levels of one’s own neuroticism directly predicted decreases in marital
satisfaction, decreases in sexual activity and satisfaction, and increase in violence. It is
rare for a highly neurotic person to marry another highly neurotic person. (Probably because they can’t stand each other.) |
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Term
| 1. What is the difference between "sex" and "gender?" |
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Definition
Gender is a genetic trait based on sex. Sex refers to the biological, chromosomal
configuration resulting in physically observable sex characteristics. Gender is learned. |
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Term
| 1. What does "gender appropriate" mean and how does the research show that people (mothers and fathers) treat and train up children differently based on their sex? |
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Definition
“Gender appropriate” refers to the belief that certain toys, games, colors, and play styles
are appropriate for girls while some are appropriate for boys. Boys like rough play, get
angry, like dirt, are strong. Girls are gentle, soft, get frustrated. |
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Term
| 1. Is there evidence that boys and girls are "pushed" toward some activities and behaviors based on their biogenetic hormonal states? |
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Definition
Yes. It prompts parents to then treat the baby more like a boy (or girl) and the cycle of
socialization continues. |
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Term
| 1. What are the 4 gender specific characteristics boys and girls tend to develop because of the socialization of parents? |
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Definition
a. children differ in what they are exposed to, girls= “mothering”
b. children are channeled to gendered play activities and toys, girls= dolls, boys = trucks
c. we label children’s activities with gendered tags, rough and tumble play= aggressive for a girl and active for a boy
d. parents often treat children from birth on differently |
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Term
| 1. How are men (fathers) important in the gendered socialization of children? |
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Definition
men push boys more than girls to set high standards for achievement, men focus
on developing emotional stability in girls, and task completion in boys |
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Term
| 1. What is the relationship between power and gender in a marriage? |
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Definition
moving toward egalitarian, partly because of how they are raised, partly because of the
financial weight men have on a family |
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Term
| 1. The way you view gender and power in a marital relationship will guide what three areas according to the text author? |
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Definition
| how you decide to organize your family, divide household tasks, and direct what happens during daily family life |
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Term
| 1. Define power dependency theory and how it suggests power “plays out” in couple and family relationships. |
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Definition
Power dependency theory helps us understand the social ties to others and how those
result in mutual dependence, when the power in a relationship is unbalanced when the dependencies are unequal this will result in struggle |
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Term
| 1. Know and understand the ideas that come from power dependency theory. |
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Definition
1. gendered relationships tend to be power imbalanced because men in Western
cultures are stronger
2. families are more effective and efficient when family members understand that the
family environment is only one aspect of the decision-making process |
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Term
Define the plaster v. plastic model of personality.
What findings were presented in class?
What conclusions can be made from these findings and how do they address the plaster v. plastic model of personality? |
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Definition
Plaster: personality change stops (hard plaster) or slows (soft plaster) after age 30.
Plastic: change is complex and ongoing, owing to many factors that can affect personality traits
-Conscientiousness increased, most strongly during the 20’s.
Agreeableness increase most strongly during the 30’s (woot).
Neuroticism declined with age for women, not much for men.
Openness showed small declines with age.
Extraversion declined for women, but not for men.
-Lack of support for plaster model. (People have agency and can change=plastic)
Personality traits cannot be explained by small, tidy sets of principles.
California view of personality system: even foundations shift a little but year to year and some get shaken up every once and a while. |
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Term
| 1. Describe the research on the relationship between personality types and relationship/marital quality discussed in class. |
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Definition
different personality characteristics are related to success in romantic relationships.
Neuroticism or emotional instability has been repeatedly shown to be related to dissatisfaction in relationships
Other traits play a role but there is some disunity in the literature about which are most important. |
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Term
| 1. “Sex” is made up of what type of characteristcs? “Gender” is made up of what type of characteristcs? |
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Definition
Sex: biological characteristics
Gender: non-biological characteristics |
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Term
| 1. Describe and differentiate between primary, secondary, and tertiary sex characteristics. |
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Definition
Primary sex characteristics: biological differences males and females born with
Secondary sex characteristics: biological differences that develop over time
Tertiary sex characteristics: behavioral differences (aggression, interests, etc) |
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Term
| 1. Understand the relationship between Sex and Gender, especially in young children as they are trying out different behaviors. |
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Definition
Sex and gender overlap frequently, but not always
Confusion can arise if one person focuses on sex while another focuses on gender
This is particularly true in the preschool years when children are trying out different behaviors. (example of young boy wearing a barrette to pre-school, pulling down pants to prove he really was a boy.) |
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Term
| 1. Based on the meta-analyses of the differences between males and females, what three conclusions did I suggest in class? |
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Definition
Meta-analyses suggest that males and females tend to show overlapping distributions on traits.
some males more aggressive than some females but not all males are more aggressive than all females. |
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Term
| 1. When adding up the traits of males and females, what are the characteristics men tend to be? That women tend to be? |
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Definition
Males tend to be: More physically aggressive, more interested in group membership, sexually permissive, interested in partners’ physical appearance
Females tend to be: More expressive about their emotions, More interested in dyads and personal relationships, more willing to call themselves “tender-minded” |
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Term
| 2. Be able to describe the “nature” explanation for male/female differences and the “nurture” explanation for male/female differences. |
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Definition
Nature: differences based on genetics, behaviors that helped people’s genes survive.
Gender differences in these behaviors stem from gender differences in procreation.
Males can have limitless number of children if they have different mothers
Females can have a limited number of children.
Nurture: differences based on learning.
Suggests that gender differences arise due to societal expectations.
Use gender as a schema or basis for expectations of others’ behavior
Different behaviors are seen as acceptable for males and females
Pressures of society, rather than pressures of genes help explain gender differences in behavior. |
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Term
| 1. What four conclusions did I reach based on the nature-nurture explanation of male/female differences? |
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Definition
Both must play some part
Physical differences between males and females make it easier or females to have care-taking responsibilities
Once those differences in jobs and responsibilities were in place, societal differences in expectations of males and females may have arisen.
In different contexts, the size of gender differences is likely to change. |
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Term
| 1. What are the implications for overall sex differences for relationships? |
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Definition
Females and males want many of the same things in relationships: closeness, intimacy.
Males tend to think of intimacy more in physical terms and females tend to think of it in communication terms
Males and females report similar relationship standards but males are more likely than females to perceive their standards as being met. |
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Term
| 1. What are the 4 final conclusions about males and females that I reached? |
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Definition
Males and females share more similarities than differences
However, the cumulative effect of many small differences between the sexes adds up to produce different expectations
There are many differences within males and within females
People’s sex helps to explain some of their relationship behavior, but many other factors need to be examined as well. |
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Term
| 1. Wherein lies the essence of our individuality and our personal accountability, according to Elder Maxwell? Righteous desires are more than what? |
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Definition
| “Desire denotes a real longing or craving. Hence, righteous desires are much more than passive preferences or fleeting feelings. Of course our genes, circumstances, and environments matter very much, and they shape us significantly. Yet there remains an inner zone in which we are sovereign, unless we abdicate. In this zone lies the essence of our individuality and our personal accountability.” |
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Term
| 1. According to President Hunter, what things besides parents, determine children’s character? What is a successful parent? |
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Definition
No one knows the degree to which heredity influences lives, but certainly brothers and sisters, friends and teachers, neighbors and Scoutmasters have significant effects.
Certainly, things in the physical surroundings will have their effect—such as the house and the playthings, the yard and the neighborhood. Playgrounds and basketballs, dresses and cars—or the lack of these—all have their influence on the child
A successful parent is one who has loved, one who has sacrificed, and one who has cared for, taught, and ministered to the needs of a child. If you have done all of these and your child is still wayward or troublesome or worldly, it could well be that you are, nevertheless, a successful parent |
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Term
Hardwired to Connect
Reading
• What is the two-part crisis? Be able to describe the crisis and discuss two or three indicators of or evidence for the crisis. |
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Definition
| More and more kids are suffering from mental illness, behavior problems and emotional distress. The waiting lists are too long to be able to meet with someone. Self-diagnosing (Saying, oh wow! I cannot focus in Dr. Holman’s class! I MUST have ADHD!) Society is struggling to respond to the psychological problems. The society is not preventing the problem, just treating the problem (Getting them out of the river rather than preventing them from actually getting IN it.) |
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Term
| HWTC • What is science increasingly demonstrating? |
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Definition
| Humans are hardwired to connect |
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Term
| HWTC • What are the two ways science is demonstrating that the human person is hardwired to connect? |
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Definition
| 1- close attachments to other people. 2- close attachments to purpose (ex. spirituality and morals) |
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Term
| HWTC• What are authoritative communities? |
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Definition
| Groups of people who are committed to one another, over time and to model and pass on at least part of what it means to be a good person and live a good life (bsa, boyscouts, church) |
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Term
| HWTC 10 planks of scientific case for authoritative communities |
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Definition
| 1. the mechanisms by which we become and stay attached to others are biologically primed and increasingly disernible in the basic structure of the brain. 2. nuturing enviornments, or the lack of them, affect gene transportation and the development of brain circuitry. 3. the old “nature vs nurture” debate - focusing on whether heredity or enviornment is the main determinant of human conduct - is no longer relevant to serious discussions of child well-being and youth programming. 4. adolescent risk taking and novelty seeking are connected to changes in brain structure and function. 5. assigning meaning to gender in childhood and adolesence is a human universal that deeply influences well-being. 6. the beginning of morality is the biologically primed moralization of attachment. 7. the ongoing development of morality in later childhood and adolescence involves the human capacity to idealize individuals and ideas. 8. primary nurturing relationships influence early spiritual development - call it the spiritualization of attachment - and spiritual development can influence us biologically in the same ways that primary nurturing relationships do. 9. religiosity and spirituality significantly influence well-being 9. the human brain appears to be organized to ask ultimate questions and seek ultimate answers. |
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Term
| • List and understand the “ten characteristics” of authoritarian communities. |
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Definition
1. It is a social institution that includes children and youth.
2. It treats children as ends in themselves.
3. It is warm and nurturing.
4. It establishes clear limits and expectations.
5. The core of its work is performed largely by non-specialists.
6. It is multi-generational.
7. IT has a long-term focus.
8. I reflects and transmits a shared understanding of what it means to be a good person.
9. It encourages spiritual and religious development.
10. It is philosophy oriented to the equal dignity of all persons and to the principle of love of neighbor. |
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Term
| • Understand the biochemical and hormonal mechanism of attachment as discussed in Plank 1 and on the slides. |
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Definition
| Oxytocin, a chemical that mothers produce when lactating, is also produced when women are being intimate, therefore you form an attachment. |
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Term
| Describe the three points supporting Plank 2 concerning how nurturing environments affect gene transcription & the development of brain circuitry. |
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Definition
| Rats who are raised by a mother who has a good environment will be changed at a genetic level even if they were born by a mother who was not nurturing. |
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Term
| • Why is the nature versus nurture argument no longer relevant? Be able to give examples from Plank 3 in terms of at risk monkeys and human IQ. |
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Definition
Social contexts can alter genetic expression
nurture can suppress and change negative tendancies |
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Term
| • Discuss the biologically primed moralization of attachment as discussed in Plank 6 and the two points made on the slides. |
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Definition
-this ‘born-to-attachness’ is the essential foundation for the emergence of conscience and of moral meaning
-the human child is talked into talking and loved into loving |
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Term
| · Know and understand the moralization of attachment as discussed in Plank 6 and on the slides. |
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Definition
| It is a process whereby a value-driven sense of oughtness emerges within specific human behavioral systems, namely the systems governing attachment, emotional regulation, cognitive processing, and volition.” |
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Term
| • To what six outcomes in humans does the absence of attachment connectedness lead? |
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Definition
1. superficial relationships
2.poverty of feeling for others
3. inaccessibility
4. lack of emotional response
5. lack of emotional response
6. pointless deceitfulness and theft
7. inability to concentrate in school |
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Term
| • In what two ways is the human brain organized to ask ultimate questions and seek ultimate answers? |
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Definition
human beings have a basic tendancy to question in order to know
there is a deep human drive to order and draw meaning from experience |
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Term
| • What is the most natural “authoritative community” according to class discussion? |
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Definition
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