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Define Consciousness

Lecture: Consciousness is awareness of  of varied levels.

Book: The awareness of internal & external stimuli.

What are the different levels of consiousness?

*For study purposes, please give an example of a situation.

Lecture: Key word is "Biological Clock", example given: Jet lagging

Book: Circadian rhythms are particularly influential in the reglation of sleep. 

1. Role in Sleep: Sets a scheduled time in an individual that is set to lower body temperature to cause the individual to feel sleepy at a certain time in their routined schedule. 
2. Role in Awakeness: When the eyes are exposed to light, the retina sends direct inputs to a small structure in the hypothalumus called suprachiasmatic nucleus(SCN) that sends signals to the nearby pineal gland, which secretes the hormone MELATONIN(Plays key role when 'adjusting' biological clocks.

Lecture: Not Explained Thoroughly/Or not noted down

Book: Not SO DESCRIPTIVE

Internet: http://www.sleepdex.org/stages.htm

• Stage 1: is light sleep where you drift in and out of sleep and can be awakened easily. In this stage, the eyes move slowly and muscle activity slows. During this stage, many people experience sudden muscle contractions preceded by a sensation of falling.
• Stage 2: eye movement stops and brain waves become slower with only an occasional burst of rapid brain waves. When a person enters stage 3
• Stage 3: extremely slow brain waves called delta waves are interspersed with smaller, faster waves. 
• Stage 4:  the brain produces delta waves almost exclusively. Stages 3 and 4 are referred to as deep sleep or delta sleep, and it is very difficult to wake someone from them. In deep sleep, there is no eye movement or muscle activity. 

Lecture: Unrecored

Book:

REM(Rapid Eye Movement) is the fifth stage of sleeping that is hard to wake the sleeping individual up. It is also marked by irregular breathing and pulse rate. Muscle tone is extremely relaxed; so much that bodily movements are minimal and the sleeper is virtually paralyzed. Although REM is relatively "deep sleep" stage, EEG activity is dominated by high frequency beta waves that resemble those observed when people are alert and awake.

Lecture: 

• Impairs controlled processes
• Impairs automatic processes (ex: driving)
• Produces irriability, moodiness, and disinhibited

Book:

Studies indicated that sleep restriction can impair individuals' attention,

reaction time, motor coordination and decision making. It may also have negative

effects on endocrine & immune system functioning.

Lecture:

Book:

• Freud's Theory: believed that the principal purpose of dreams are wish fullfilment.
• Cartwright's Theory: believed dreams provide an oppourtunity to work through daily problems.
• Hobson & McCarleys' Theory:believed that dreams are simply the by-product of bursts of activity emanating from subcortical areas in the brain.

What is the common hypnotic phenomena among people who are able to be hypnotized?

(What do they usually experience? The most common?)

Lecture:

Experiences:

• dissociation(away from consiousness)
• hallucinations
• alterations of memory 
• sense of shifts of time
• reduced control over movements

Lecture:

1. Role Playing(eveidence: Placebo Symptoms & Fasle reports)
2. Genuine Divided Attention(evidence: Example of a subject hypnotized during his/her surgery being able to explain everything)

Lecture: 

It is a form of an altered state of consiousness.

Book:(Study Guide)

• Physical dependence
• Psychological dependence
• lethal overdose
• Direct tissue damage
• Indirect behavioral effects

Answer the following questions about sleep and dreams:

Lecture:

a. After going w/out sleep for 2-3 days, would you perform poorly on a brief demanding task?

b. Do highly creative people need less sleep than average?

c. Are sleep walkers acting out their dreams?

d. Are the dreams we have shorlty before waking up similar to dreams we soon have soon after fallig asleep? 

e. Does everyone dream?

Book:

Dreams:

a. Why won't some people remember their dreams?

b. Do dreams recquire interpretation?

c. Could a shocking dream be fatal?

Sleep:

a. how much sleep do people need? 

b. Can short naps be refreshing?

c.What is the significance of snoring?

d.WHat can be done to avoid sleeping problems?

e.What can be done about insomnia?

Lecture:

a.No

b.No

c.No

d.No

e.Yes

Book:

Dreams:

a. Less awareness during sleep leads to mediocre memory.

b. Yes, but interpretation may not be difficult as assumed.

c. Myth so far has not been proven true since there are no true reportings.

Sleep:

a. The avaerage required amount of sleep for young adults is 7.5 hours.

b. It varies in people. Some naps can be beneficial and refreshing while others can disrupt routined nighttime sleep.

c. It common and occurs much more in males than females.It has many factors: obesity, colds, allergies, smoking, some drugs. It may seem trivial problem with sleep apnea, cardiovascular disease, and it may have more medical significance than some think.

d. Some methods include: altering daily habits, avoiding/minimizing consumption of stimulants such as caffine & nicotine.

e. Try the "bore yourself to sleep" method. Usually when trying too hard to find a remedy, you tend to overstress the brain and not succeed in finding a soltuon.

Lecture:

• Classical Conditioning: a passive process that conditions mostly emotional behaviors.

Lecture:

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Lecture:

• Extinction: conditioned responses that can be suppressed.(able to be unlearned)If condtioning stimulus repeats constantly and nothing happens.
• Spontaneous Recovery: the process of revisiting the orginal response of a form condtioned learning. (After a long period of time)
• Stimulus Generalization: Conditioned animals (& people) often respond to anything that reminds them of a previous conditional stimulus.

Lecture:

• Operant conditioning: an active process that conditions mostly voluntary behaviors.
• Reinforcement: an event that bring favorable consequences, and we are less likely to repeat behaviors that bring unfavorable consequences.
• Shaping: a form of conditioning.(demonstrated with the "Hot & Cold [Applause] Activity) Known as a method of successive approximations.

Book:

• Operant conditioning: a form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences.  
• Reinforcement: occurs when an event following a response increases an organism's tendency to make that response.
• Shaping: the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response.

Lecture:

School-> Teacher's praising students(student's reinforcement is attention)

Parents-> Punishment(childrens NEGATIVE reinforcement is RELIEF)

Lecture:

• Primary Reinforcement: innate (ex. Sweet food, Smiling, touch, sex(orgasms))
• Secondary Reinforcement: Not Instinctive(ex. Money, Good Grades, Luxury items(Status Symbols))

Lecture:

Schedule of reinforcements: the frequency of behavior and the edurance of the behavior.

1. Continuous Reinforcement: providing rewards everytime behavior occurs.
2. Partial Reinforcement: reward(or relief) for some instances of the behavior but not others. (**Much more effective)
3. Fixed Interval: provides reinforcement PREDICTABLY. (ex. Pay days, Exams in class, riding trains IN JAPAN![Woosh AuuWA!(Rush Hour)])
4. Fixed Ratio:Rewards are available everytime a certain number of behaviors are completed. (this scedule produces a high of responding)
5. Variable Schedules: Provides reinforcement UNPREDICTABLY.
6. Variable INTERVAL Schedule: You never know when the reward is available.(ex. Pop Quizes (you need to keep up with the material))
7. Variable Ratio: You never know HOW MANY behaviors are enough to get a reward.(ex. Casinos, Dating JERKS)

Book:

• Schedule of Reinforcements: a specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time.

Please refer to page 183.

Lecture:

1. Positive Reinforcements- a reward.
2. Negative Reinforcments- is RELIEF
3. Punishment - a stimulus that REDUCES the frequency of the behavior it follows.

Book:

1. Positive Reinforcements-occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus.
2. Negative Reinforcments- occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus. 
3. Punishment- occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make the response.

Lecture:

• Arouses ANGER & HOSTILITY
• Leads to Retaliation/Revenge
• The punished do not understand their wrong doing
• Teaches violence as a solution to problems

Book:

Side Effects:

• Increased Agression
• Criminal Behavior 
• Mental Health Problems
• Child Abuse amoung adults who were physically punished as children

Lecture:

• Observing learning: acquiring new behaviors by watching what others are reinforced for and avoiding what others are punished for.

Book:

• Observing learning: when an organism's responding os influenced by the observation of others, who are called models.

Lecture: N/A

Book:

Key Processes:

1. Attention: To learn through observation, you must pay attention to another person's behavior and its consequences.
2. Retention: You may not have occasion to use an observed response for weeks, months, or even years. Hence, you must store a mental respresentation of what you have witnesses in your memory.
3. Reproduction: Enacting a modeled response depends on your ability to reproduce the response by converting you stored mental images into overt behavior.
4. Motivation: Finally, you are unlikely to reproduce an observed response unless you are motivated to do so. Your motivation depends on whether you encounter a situation in which you believe that the response is likely to pay off for you.

Lecture: N/A

Book: 

• Electroencephlagraph(EEG)-a device that moniters the electrical activity of the brain overtime by means of recording electrodes attatched to the surface of the scalp.