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| A term for a hard coin, such as gold or silver, that can also back and give a fixed point of valuation to paper currencies. |
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| The English government established these courts in its North American colonies to deal with issues of maritime law, including smuggling. If judges condemned the vessels for smuggling, they would share in profits from the sale of such craft and their cargoes. Judges made all the rulings without juries and thus could clearly benefit from their own decision, which caused many colonists to view these courts as centers of despotic imperial power. The Stamp Act of 1765 stated that colonists who did not pay stamp duties could be tried in this court, which became another colonial grievance- in this case the prospect of being convicted and sent to jail without a jury trial, a violation of fundamental English Liberties. |
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| Blanket search warrants used by English customs collectors in the colonies to try to catch suspected smugglers. These did not require any form of prior evidence to justify searches, which the colonies viewed as yet another imperial violation of fundamental liberties. |
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| This informal group of pro-colonial rights leaders in Boston helped organize resistance against unwanted British policies, such as the Stamp Act. Working with more visible popular leaders like Samuel Adams and street leaders like Ebenezer Mackintosh, the Loyal Nine both planed and gave overall direction, to controlled violent protests in defying the imperial will and protecting the community's interests |
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| This intercolonial body of political leaders from nine colonies met for a few days in October 1765 to consider ways to protest the Stamp Act. The delegates drafted a petition declaring the Parliament should not tax American, since they were not represented in that legislative body. the Congress showed that colonies, when aggrieved, could act in unity an important precedent for further intercolonial resistance in years to come. |
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| Also called "internal taxes," such as visibly placed taxes on newspapers, pamphlets, and host of other items such as those listed in the Stamp Act of 1765. [This] are those that people know they are paying, such as state or federal taxes. |
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| Also called "external taxes," such as hidden trade duties placed on goods like those embodied in the Townshend Duties of 1767. Indirect taxes are those that people may not realize they are paying when they make purchases, such as the Townshend trade duty on tea or excise taxes placed on items like alcohol and smoking products today. |
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| During the eighteenth century England [this party] was a loosely organized coalition of political leaders oppose to any hint of arbitrary authority that might emanate from the monarchy or royalty appointed officials in government. Like the radicals [this] pamphleteers, they also viewed themselves as defenders of liberty, even thou not organized as a political party, called themselves [this]. |
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| During the 1760s and 1770s many colonial leaders believed that if they did not jeep resisting unwanted British policies, they would fall into a state of [this] in which they had no liberties. As such, they would be akin to the chattel slaves in their midst. Comprehending how potentially tyrannical chattel slavery was spurred on many colonist to defend american liberties, even to the point of open rebellion. |
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| Committees of correspondence |
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| As American leaders became increasingly anxious about a perceived British imperial conspiracy to deprive them of their liberties, they set up networks of communication among the colonies. Beginning in 1773 colonial assemblies began to appoint [these] to warn each other about possible abuses. In some cases as Massachusetts, local communities also organized such committees, all with the intention of being vigilant against arbitrary acts from British officials. |
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| These consisted of four pieces of punitive legislation from King and Parliament in the spring of 1774 to punish colonists in Massachusetts who had dumped 10,000 pounds (pounds in terms of British money) worth of tea into Boston harbor December 1773 |
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| This body was the most important expression of intercolonial protest activity up to 1774. Called a response to Parliament's Coercive Acts, the delegates met in Philadelphia for nearly two months. More radical delegates dominated the deliberations. Before dissolving itself, [this] called for ongoing resistance, even military preparations to defend American communities, and a second [of these], should King and Parliament not redress American grievances. |
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