Term
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Definition
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n(1) Central Nervous System – (CNS),is responsible for the storage and transmission of information which includes the:
a. Brain
b. Spinal Cord
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Term
| PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM |
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Definition
(PNS), carries out the commands from the CNS acting as the major link between the rest of the body and the (CNS).
a. Cranial nerves – sensory nerve fibers attached to the base of the brain to convey messages from the face and head to muscles and glands.
b. Spinal nerves – sensory nerve fibers attached to the spinal cord to convey messages from the body to the muscles and the glands.
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Term
| AUTOMATIC & SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM |
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Definition
| ANS made up of the SYMPATHETIC & PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM |
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Term
| 3 MAJOR AREAS OF THE BRAIN |
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Definition
1. BRAIN STEM/ 2. CEREBELLUM/ 3. CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
-Brain and spinal cord are proctected by membranes called MENINGES and CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID |
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Term
| ELEMENTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM CONSIST OF : |
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Definition
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Neuronsor Neural Cells – are the “building blocks” of the nervous system. They provide sensory information to the brain, store memories, help us reach decisions, & provide muscle movement.
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Term
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Definition
1.Sensory or Afferent Neurons – are nerve cells that carry messages from sense receptors toward the CNS.
2.Motor or Efferent Neurons – are nerve cells that carry messages away from the CNS toward the muscles and glands.
3.Interneurons– are nerve cells that relay messages from between nerve cells, especiallyin the brain and spinal cord. |
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Term
| ELEMENTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM |
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Definition
nDendrite – receives incoming messages from other branched fibered (tree-like) neurons.
Soma – (cell body) that contains the nucleus of the cell that sustains its life.
Axon – is the extended fiber that carries the message away from the soma in the form of an electrical charge.
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Term
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Definition
Myelin Sheath – is a fatty insulation coating the neural axons, which biochemically speeds up the conduction of neural impulses.
Destruction of the myelin sheath occurs in certain diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, (MS). |
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Term
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Definition
nAction Potential – occurs via a “The Neural Impulse” which is a brief electric surge generated by a nerve cell and carried down the length of the axon to the terminal buttons. The “action potential” carries the neuron’s message often called the “firing” of an axon. |
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Term
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Definition
Resting Potential – takes place when the axon is resting and no electrical “charge” is being produced.
Ion – is a positive or a negative charged particle.
Ion Channel – is a protein molecule in the membrane of the cell; controls or regulates the # ions entry or exit of the axon.
Ion Transporter – is a protein molecule in the membrane that actively transports ions in and out of the cell. |
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Term
SYNAPSE
-> EXCITATORY SYNAPSE
-> INHIBITORY SYNAPSE |
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Definition
| Synapses – are the way neurons communicate with other cells, by a process known as “synaptic transmission”. |
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Term
WHAT ARE NEUROTRANSMITTERS
WHAT ARE EXCITATORY AND INHIBATORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS |
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Definition
-a chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure.Glutamate – excitatory neurotransmitter
GABA – inhibitory neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine – muscular movement
Monoamines – includes dopamine, serotonins, and nor-epinephrine.
Peptides – consists of two or more amino acids |
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Term
| What are the effects of Drugs on the synaptic transmission? |
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Definition
What are the effects of Drugs on the synaptic transmission?
1. Thoughts
2.Perceptions
3.Emotions
4.Actions |
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Term
STUDY OF THE BRAIN-
WHAT IS EXPERIMENTAL ABALATION |
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Definition
Earliest direct “study” was:
Experimental Ablation – by Pierre Flourens w/laboratory animals in which a “brain lesion” is produced and the disruption or effect is then measured.
Computerized Tomography “CT” Scanning – a technique that uses X rays passed through the brain at various angles and then combined into an image. |
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Term
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Definition
3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, “MRI”- a technique that measures strong magnetic fields generated by the electrical activity of the brain.
4. Electroencephalograph, “EEG” – a device for recording brain waves, typically by electrodes placed on the scalp. The record produced is know as an “electroencephalogram”.
5. Positron Emission Tomography, “PET” Scan – an imaging technique that relies on the detection of radioactive sugar consumed by active brain cells.
6. Magnetoencephalography, “MEG” Scan – a technique that measures magnetic fields generated by the electrical activity of the brain. |
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Term
Major Functions of the Brain
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Definition
Primary Purpose is to:
Regulate the Physiological functions of the body.
Process and Retain Information about the Environment.
Control Behavior |
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Term
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Definition
4 Divisions of the Cerebral Cortex:
1. Frontal Lobe – responsible for movement, planning, thinking, reasoning, and behavioral strategies.
2. Parietal Lobes – responsible for our spatial abilities or perceptions, touch, and memories.
3. Temporal Lobes – responsible for processing sounds.
4. Occipital Lobe – serves as the destination for incoming visual information in the back of the cortex. |
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Term
| SPECIALIZATION OF THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES |
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Definition
Left Side
1.Speaking & writing
2.Responses to complex commands
3.Word recognition
4.Memory for words & numbers
5.Movements
6.Feeling of Anxiety
7.Positive Emotion
Right Side
1.Repetitive but not spontaneous speaking
2.Response to simple commands
3.Facial recognition
4.Memory for shapes & music
5.Spatial Interpretation
6.Emotional Responsiveness
7.Negative Emotion |
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Term
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Definition
Thalamus – is the “relay station” for the cortex to receive and integrate all sensory information and passing the results to the primary sensory cortex.
Corpus Callosum – is the large band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres.
Basal Ganglia – involved in control of particularly slow motor movements, especially those that involve the large muscles of the body.
Cerebellum – is a pair of hemispheres resembling the cerebral hemispheres but much smaller, controls posture and movements especially rapid ones. |
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Term
Episodic and Spatial Memory:
Role of the Hippocampus |
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Definition
The Hippocampus is involved in spatial orientation and episodic memory or our ability to learn and remember experience from our daily lives
The Limbic system is involved in learning, memory, and expression of emotion |
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Term
| Emotions: Role of the Amygdala |
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Definition
| The Amygdala is located in the middle of the temporal lobe and affects emotional behavior—especially negative emotions, such as those caused by painful, threatening, or stressful events |
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Term
Control of Internal Functions and
Automatic Behavior |
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Definition
Brain stem
Controls functions vital to survival
Contains the medulla, the pons, and the midbrain.
Hypothalamus
Controls autonomic nervous system; eating, drinking, and fighting
Controls the pituitary gland |
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