Term
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Definition
| It is a disease that is characterized by abnormally high blood sugar levels. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a disease that is characterized by thinning bones. |
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Term
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Definition
| They are components in food that the body needs to grow, to develop, and to repair itself. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the ability to do work. It powers our activities, including building complex muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
| They are the nutrients that our body requires in large amounts. They provide our cells with building blocks. |
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Term
| What are simple sugars used for? |
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Definition
| They are used to build cell-surface markers and energy storage molecules. |
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Term
| What provides the building blocks to form cell membranes? |
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Definition
| Fatty acids and glycerol. |
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Term
| What happens when nucleic acids are digested? |
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Definition
| They are broken down into individual nucleotides. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the process of breaking down huge food molecules into smaller pieces so that our body can use them. It uses a series of chemical reactions to break the bonds that hold food molecules together. |
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Term
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Definition
| They are proteins that speed up the rate of a chemical reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the sum of all biochemical reactions occurring in an organism, including reactions that break down food. |
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Term
| What are the two types of reactions that break down food? |
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Definition
| Catabolic reaction and anabolic reaction. |
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Term
| What is a catabolic reaction? |
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Definition
| A catabolic reaction breaks down complex molecules into simpler molecules. |
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Term
| What is an anabolic reaction? |
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Definition
| An anabolic reaction that combines simple molecules to build more complex molecules such as those that build new muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a complex carbohydrate made of linked chains of glucose molecules. It serves as a source of stored energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a complex animal carbohydrate made of linked chains of glucose molecules. It serves as a source of stored energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is an inorganic chemical element required by organisms for normal growth, reproduction, and tissue maintenance. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is an indigestable complex carbohydrate found in fruits and vegetables. |
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Term
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Definition
| They are nutrients, including vitamins and minerals that organisms must ingest in small amounts to maintain health. |
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Term
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Definition
| They are organic molecules required in small amounts for normal growth, reproduction, and tissue maintenance. |
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Term
| How is energy from food ultimately captured? |
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Definition
| It is captured in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). |
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Term
| What is aerobic (cellular) respiration? |
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Definition
| It is the series of reactions that occurs in the presence of oxygen and converts energy stored in food into ATP. |
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Term
| What are the three steps of aerobic respiration? |
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Definition
| Glycosis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain |
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Term
| What is the glycosis step? |
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Definition
| It takes place in the cytoplasm and it is the first step of aerobic respiration. Glycolysis consists of a series of reactions that breaks down sugar into smaller units. The result is 2 ATP molecules. |
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Term
| What is the citric acid cycle step? |
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Definition
| It is a series of reactions that helps extract energy (in the form of high-energy electrons) from food. The process releases carbon dioxide, which is ultimately exhaled from an organism's lungs. It occurs in the mitochondria. |
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Term
| What is the electron transport chain step? |
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Definition
| It occurs in the mitochondria. During this process the electrons are passed down a chain molecule to oxygen, which accepts the electrons and combines with hydrogen atoms to produce water. Electron transport produces the bulk of ATP during aerobic respiration. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the rate at which cells consume oxygen. It exceeds at a rate which they take it in when we breathe, the electron transport chain has no oxygen to which it can deliver electrons. |
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Term
| Where does fermentation occur? |
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Definition
| It occurs in the cytoplasm and converts products of glycolysis into lactic acid or alcohol. The only ATP produced is the small amount produced during glycolysis. |
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Term
| What does photosynthesis do? |
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Definition
| It allows plants and algae to capture the energy of sunlight and convert it into chemical energy stored in sugar. Eating this sugar makes that stored energy available to us. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a short segment of DNA that contains the information to build up one protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a variation of a gene. |
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Term
| What is a diploid organism? |
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Definition
| Diploid organisms have two copies of every chromosome. One from the mother and one from the father. |
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Term
| What are homologus chromosomes? |
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Definition
| They are the paired chromosomes (the same). |
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Term
| How many pairs of autosomes do humans have? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many pairs of sex chromosomes do humans have? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The visible or measurable features of an individual. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the particular genetic makeup of an individual. |
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Term
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Definition
| They are specialized reproductive cells that carry one copy of each chromosome. They are haploid cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| They carry half of a pair of chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process that halves the chromosome number from 46 to 23. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the result of a haploid sperm fertilizing with a haploid egg. It is diploid and carries two copies of every gene on 46 chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a result of the zygote dividing by mitosis to become an embryo. The embryo will eventually grow into a human child. |
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Term
| What are the two phases of meiosis? |
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Definition
| Meiosis I and Meiosis II. |
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Term
| What happens during Meiosis I? |
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Definition
| The process separates homologus chromosomes. Although each daughter cell is haploid, each chromosome is still in its replicated state. |
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Term
| What happens during Meiosis II? |
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Definition
| The process separates sister chromatids, creating four haploid daughter cells. |
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Term
| What is incomplete dominance? |
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Definition
| A heterozygote has its own phenotype. (ex: R-red, r-white --> RR-red, rr-white, Rr-pink) |
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Term
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Definition
| It is when both dominant alleles completely expressed. (ex: blood type) |
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Term
| What are sex-linked (x-linked)? |
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Definition
| Any trait with a gene on the "x" chromosome. (ex: color blindness, hemophilia, male patterned baldness, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
| The state wherein a gamete contains an incorreect number of chromosomes (too many or too few). |
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Term
| What happens in most cases of fetal chromosomal abnormalities? |
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Definition
| Fetal chromosomal abnormalities are so severe the zygote spontaneously aborts. |
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Term
| What happens in some cases of fetal chromosomal abnormalities? |
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Definition
| The abnormality is not life-threatening but causes severe disabilities. |
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Term
| What is Trisomy 21 (down syndrome)? |
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Definition
| Results when an embryo inherits an extra copy of chromosome 21. |
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Term
| What is Trisomies 13 (Patau syndrome)? |
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Definition
| Results in no eyebrows, small head, cleft lip palatte, abnormal fingers, etc. |
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Term
| What is Trisomies 18 (Edward's syndrome)? |
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Definition
| Results in small mouth, short nose, small neck, large head, malformed ears, shield chest, clenched hands, etc. |
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Term
| Which is less serious: sex chromosomal abnormalities or autosomal abnormalities? |
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Definition
| Sex chromosomal abnormalities. |
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Term
| How can down syndrome and other disease be diagnosed? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| It is a procedure that removes fluid surrounding the fetus to obtain and analyze fetal cells to diagnose genetic disorders. |
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Term
| How do technicians analyze fetal karyotype (chromosomal makeup of cells)? |
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Definition
| By using the amniotic fluid that contains fetal cells with something that contains fetal cells. |
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Term
| Which is more serious: dominant diseases or recessive diseases? |
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Definition
| Recessive. This is because fatal dominant diseases will abort themselves before birth. |
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Term
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Definition
| A dominant inherited disease where there is either no growth of the cartilage or improper growth of the cartilage. |
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Term
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Definition
| An dominant inherited disease with weaker connecting tissue. (ex: longer fingers, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a dominant inherited disease where the ear bones harden. |
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Term
| What is Huntington's disease? |
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Definition
| A dominant inherited disease that does not hit until a person's middle age. When it hits it is fatal. |
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Term
| What is sickle cell anemia? |
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Definition
| A recessive inherited disease common among people of African and Mediterranean descent. Red blood cells are shaped improperly so blood does not flow properly. This causes blood traffic jams which are painful. It will eventually wear out the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a recessive inherited disease common in people of European descent. It is an enzyme disorder where mucus builds up in the lungs. |
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Term
| What is tay sachs disease? |
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Definition
| It is a recessive inherited disease common in Ashkenazi Jews. It is always fatal and the child usually only lives to 7 or younger. |
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Term
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Definition
| Certain cancers are caused by recessive inherited genes or alleles. Some proteins stop tumors from developing but if a person has the protein as recessive, then they are more likely to get cancer. |
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Term
| Why are some diseases more common in certain ethnic groups? |
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Definition
| Because most people procreate within their ethnic group. |
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Term
| How can people with a family history of diseases find out if they are heterozygous carriers? |
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Definition
| They can have genetic screenings. This means that the embryo is screened. However, some embryos are aborted after the screenings because the abnormality is fatal. |
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Term
| What is the anaerobic respiration formula? |
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Definition
| C6H12O6 + 2ADP + 2P --> 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH (alcohol) + 2ATP |
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Term
| What is the aerobic respiration formula? |
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Definition
Glucose + Oxygen --> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (and heat)
or
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 38ADP + 38P --> 6CO2 + 6H2O +38ATP |
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Term
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Definition
in alimentary canal.
function: ingestion/digestion |
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Term
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Definition
in alimentary canal.
function: ingestion |
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Term
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Definition
in alimentary canal.
function: digestion/absorption |
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Term
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Definition
in alimentary canal.
function: digestion/absorption (nutrients) |
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Term
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Definition
in alimentary canal.
function: absorption (of water) |
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Term
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Definition
in alimentary canal.
function: excretion |
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Term
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Definition
in alimentary canal.
function: excretion |
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Term
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Definition
not in alimentary canal.
function: digestion |
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Term
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Definition
not in alimentary canal.
function: digestion |
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Term
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Definition
not in alimentary canal.
function: digestion |
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Term
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Definition
not in alimentary canal.
function: digestion |
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